Evolution | Study Cards

Question 1

What did Aristotle believe in?

Answer 1

Believed in the Scala of Naturae & Believed that nonliving and living things are “fixed” and do not change over time. He also did not believe that species could go extinct/created.

Question 2

Describe the Scala of Naturae

Answer 2

• A ladder like classification of nature from simplest –> complex.
• Humans were at the top of ladder and even inorganic matter was included (fire, water, wood, etc)

Question 3

What did Geoges Cuvier believe in & what was he the founder of?

Answer 3

He believed in the Theory of Catastrphe & he was the founder of Paleontology

Question 4

What did the Thoery of Catastrophism establish

Answer 4

That extinction was a fact

Question 5

What 2 things did Jean Baptise believe in?

Answer 5

Principle of Use and Disuse & Inheritance of Accquired Traits

Question 6

Describe the Principle of Use and Disuse

Answer 6

The more an organism uses a trait the more it grows in that creatures lifetime. The less likely they use it the more likely it will be erased from a generation.

Question 7

Describe the Inheritance of Acquired Traits

Answer 7

An Organism can pass on to its offspring physical characteristics that the parent accquired through use and disuse

Question 8

What was Lamarck’s 3 Contributions?

Answer 8

1) All species change over time
2) New Characteristics are passed from one generaton to the next
3) Organisms change in response to their enviroment

Question 9

What did Charles Darwin do on his voyage?

Answer 9

Observed that plants and animals adapt to their own enviroments

Question 10

List the 3 influences on Darwin:

Answer 10

1) ) Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell:
2) Personal Observations
3) Essay on the Principle of the Population by T.Malthus

Question 11

Describe natural selection

Answer 11

A mechanism for evolution

Question 12

What are the 4 requirements for Natural Selection?

Answer 12

1) Natural Variation
2) Heritability
3) Differential Survival
4) Differential Reproduction

Question 13

What is Natural Variation?

Answer 13

Individuals within the same species have variation

Question 14

What is Heritability?

Answer 14

The only traits that can be inherited by offspring are ones that are genetic

Question 15

What is Differential Survival?

Answer 15

Many offspring do not survive due to low resources

Question 16

What is Differential Reproduction

Answer 16

All organisms can produce more offspring than the enviroment can support

Question 17

What is the Malthus Principle

Answer 17

Every generation more offspring than the envroment can support

Question 18

What was On the Origin of Species by Mean of Natural Selection by Charles Darwin about?

Answer 18

Proposed that all diversity of life is driven by Natural Selection & that all life on Earth is related to and evolved form a common ancestor

Question 19

Is there a goal for natural selection?

Answer 19

no

Question 20

Does natural selection create?

Answer 20

No, it only modifies & selects the best traits

Question 21

List the 5 pieces of evidence for

evolution

Answer 21

1) Fossils
2) Biogeogrpahical
3) Anatomical
4) Similarities in Embryos
5) Biochemical (DNA)

Question 22

What can you prove with fossils?

Answer 22

You can trace the evolutionary ancestry of an organism

Question 23

Describe Biogeography in reference to fossils

Answer 23

Provides info on how different groups may have evolved due to the geographic distributions of animals and plants

Question 24

Describe anatomical in reference to fossils

Answer 24

All vertebrea forelimbs contain the same sets of bones ( Homologous Structures )

Question 25

Describe the similarties in embroys in reference to fossils

Answer 25

Embryos of different species look & develop similarily

Question 26

Describe Biochemicals in reference to fossil s

Answer 26

All organisms have a degree of similarity in the DNA base structures

Question 27

What is MIcroevolution?

Answer 27

Accumulation of small genetic changes within a single population Microevolution takes place within a short period of time & below a species level

Question 28

What is a population?

Answer 28

A group of organisms among the same species in the same geographic area

Question 29

When do you know when a population has evolved?

Answer 29

When there is a change in the allele frequency

Question 30

What is a species

Answer 30

A group of organisms that can interbreed, reproduce, and share a genetic heritance naturally

Question 31

What is a gene?

Answer 31

Code for DNA that can code for a characteristic

Question 32

What is an allele?

Answer 32

Variations of a gene that you get from both parents

Question 33

What is a genotype?

Answer 33

Genetic makeup of an individual

Question 34

What is a phenotype?

Answer 34

Physical expression of a gene

Question 35

What is a gene pool?

Answer 35

Total aggregation of genes in a populatjon at any one time

Question 36

Derscribe the Hardy - Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 36

The genetic variation in a populatjon will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors

Question 37

What is the purpose of the Hardy - Weinerbg Equil?

Answer 37

To test whether or not a population is evolving

Question 38

List the 5 conditions for the Hardy - Weinberg Equil

Answer 38

- 1) No mutatons - '2) No geneflow - 3) Population is infinetly large - 4) No Natural Selection - 5) Random mating

Question 39

List the 5 causes for Microevolution

Answer 39

1) Genetic Mutation 2) Gene Flow 3) Non- Random mating 4) Genetic Drift 5) Natural selection

Question 40

Describe Genetic Mutation

Answer 40

Changes in the gene causes a change in allele frequency

Question 41

What are the 3 options a mutation can be?

Answer 41

lethal, neautral, or beneficial

Question 42

Describe Gene Flow

Answer 42

When organisms move from one place to another ( the immigrants reproduce and introduce new allleles into the population)

Question 43

What is non-random mating

Answer 43

When indivduals do not choose their mates randomly and have a preference

Question 44

What is Assertive MAting?

Answer 44

Individuals tend to mate with those with the same phenotype

Question 45

What is Sexual Selection

Answer 45

Males compete for their right to reproduce & females choose the males with a particular preference

Question 46

What is Genetic Drift

Answer 46

Changes in the alllele frequency due to chance & tends to reduce genetic variability

Question 47

What are the two causes for Genetic Drift?

Answer 47

1) Bottleneck effect | 2) Founder Effect

Question 48

What is the bottleneck effect? Give an example

Answer 48

An event that prevents the majority of genotypes from entering the next generation ex) Disaes, starvation, drought

Question 49

What is the founder effect? describe it

Answer 49

Few individuals establish a new popualtion & only carry a fraction of alleles Moving from one place to another where they have never been before

Question 50

What are the 3 types of natural selection?

Answer 50

1) Directional Selection 2) Stabalizing Selection 3) Disruptive Selection

Question 51

Describe Directional Selection

Answer 51

When an extreme phenotype is the best fit

Question 52

Describe Stabalizing Selection

Answer 52

When an intermediate phenotype is the best fit

Question 53

Describe Disruptive Selection

Answer 53

Two or more extreme phenotypes of better than the intermediate

Question 54

Which type of natural selection is the least common in nature

Answer 54

Disruptive Selection

Question 55

What are the 3 implications of conservation

Answer 55

1) Endangered species may experience a decrease in genetic diversity 2) Small number of individuals used for captive breeding programs may not actually represent the entirity of a species genetic diverity 3) Recovered populations may still be less resistant to cope with enviromental changes