Ex 2: Pharmacotherapy Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Ex 2: Pharmacotherapy Deck (35)
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1
Q

Pharmacotherapy

A

Treatment with prescription drugs to achieve a desired therapeutic objective w/minimum of adverse side effects

2
Q

Prevalence of Prescription drugs

A

50% of Americans take at least 1 ; 90% of adults age 60 or older take at least one p-medication; 40% of older Americans take five or more p-med/month

3
Q

During what time period is the risk of non-adherence the highest?

A

For the first 6 months

4
Q

Noadherence

A

1) not taking medication 2) not taking them correctly

5
Q

What is the most common reason for non-adherence?

A

Medication side-effects

6
Q

Drug

A

Substance that chemically alters biological function

7
Q

How many people in the U.S die from adverse drug effects?

A

150,000/year

8
Q

How long does it take to develop a drug?

A

Avg - 12 years ( 7-20 years)

9
Q

SJS

A

Stevens Johnson Syndrome: Most severe reaction to drug

10
Q

SJS symptoms

A

E: fever, headache, sore throat, itchy eyes 24-72 hours: inflammation and blistering of the eyes and mouth, skin,rash, nausea, and vomiting

11
Q

TEN

A

Toxic Epidermal necrolysis: similar to SJS but painful blistering of skin and mucous membrane involvement. involves 30% of total body surface area.

12
Q

Drugs are usually known by what type of name?

A

Their Brand “aka” trade name

13
Q

Indications

A

The reason for administering a medication or performing a treatment

14
Q

contraindications

A

A factor that prevents the use of a medication or treatment

15
Q

Which routes of drug administration are the quickest?

A

1) IV 2) Oral 3) subcutaneous

16
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

17
Q

Measure of pharmacokinetics

A

1) Rate of bioavailability - max concentration in the blood 2) Total exposure of bioavailability- how long drug is active

18
Q

Acetaminophen

A

pain and fever; high dosage can cause damage the liver; no alcohol = no problem

19
Q

NSAIDS

A

Ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin = inflammation, pain, and fever; can lead to both kidney and liver damage and cause GI bleeding

20
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

The biochemical and physiologic mechanisms of drug action; blood serum levels crucial. Drugs need to be bound to serum albumin. if less than 3.0 g/dL increases drug effect in the body

21
Q

Explain why patients may have different therapeutic effects among specific generic brands of the same active ingredient.

A

1) Genetics (different side effects, variation in how drugs are handled, ineffectiveness of a particular drug 2) age, gender, etc 3) different levels of bioavailability.

22
Q

Therapeutic window

A

Too little drug has no effect, too much drug has toxicity; (TW = between too much and too little)

23
Q

Discuss why medication administration is more complicated with pediatric patients and the best mechanism for determining medication dose.

A

1) higher proportion of water 2) lower plasma proteins 3) immature liver and kidneys

24
Q

Why are older adults at increased risk for interactions?

A

1) lower metabolism and excretion 2) multiple medications 3) lack of compliance

25
Q

Why is medication administration particularly challenging in pregnancy and lactation?

A

1) increased maternal HR and BV may effect absorption, distribuition and effectiveness 2) Because drugs can cross the placenta, into breast milk, 3) drugs can acts as teratogens

26
Q

Why is grapefruit juice eliminated from the menus of many hospitals and long-term care facilities?

A

Exacerbates side effects and toxicity; takes 2-3 days for new enzymes to be produced meaning efefect may persist for 48-72 hours after grapefruite digestion

27
Q

Why is Vitamin K intake a concern for the patient who is on anticoagulants? What types of food contain Vitamin K?

A

Involved in the production of blood platelets, antagonizes anti-coagulants; found in cruciferous, leafy vegetables.

28
Q

Why is natural licorice contraindicated for patients consuming diuretics or other antihypertensive medications?

A

Antagonizes anti-diuretics and anti-hypertensives; causes NA and H20 retention and K+ excretion; can create hypo kalemia

29
Q

Why are tyramine containing foods to be avoided for individuals taking MAOIs? What types of foods contain tyramine?

A

tyramine is a vasoconstrictor which in combinationof MAOIs may cause hypertensive crises; increased BP, HR, Flushing, headache, stoke and death; aged cheeses and meats, soy sauce, sauerkraut, fava beans, all disheses with cheese

30
Q

St. John’s Wort

A

Homeopathic; used in depression; diminshes ineffectiveness of drugs used in cancer and HIV/AIDS

31
Q

Ginkgo or Ginkgo Biloba

A

homeopathic; inhibits platelet activating factor - leads to excessive bleeding

32
Q

Glucosamine

A

homeopathic: linked to increased bleeding

33
Q

What drug type has the most side effects?

A

Corticosteroids: increased apetite and weight gain, hyper glycemia, hyperlipidemia, depresessed thyroid, increased risk for osteoporosis

34
Q

Corticosteroids

A

antiinflammatory, immunosuppressant ex: prednison cortisone, hydrocortisone; need to take w/food to decrease GI bleeding

35
Q

Diet concerns w/ corticosteroids

A

Low sodium, high protein, increased need for vitamins K A CDl increased need for Ca+ and P

Decks in NUTR 450 Medical Nutrition Therapy I Class (36):