Ex 2: Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

Total body water depends on what three characteristics?

Answer 1

Age, Gender, and Fat composition

Question 2

Water loss and hazardous effects

Answer 2

20% loss can result in death; 10% loss kidney function impacted, BV and nutrient reabsorption decreased

Question 3

Water composition: a) birth b) obese adult c) normal male and female

Answer 3

a) 75-80% at birth b) 45-55% c) 55% female 60% males

Question 4

Four stages of heat illness

Answer 4

a) Heat Fatigue b) cramp c) exhaustion d) stroke

Question 5

Heat fatigue

Answer 5

Thirst, feeling of weakness or fatigue

Question 6

Heat cramp

Answer 6

Loss of sodium and potassium which causes cramps

Question 7

Heat exhaustion

Answer 7

headache, dizziness, cramps, nausea/vomiting, weakness, fast HR, profuse sweating

Question 8

Heat stroke

Answer 8

red, hot, dry skin, high BT x greater than 104, confusion and convulsions

Question 9

Identify the two basic fluid compartments and the electrolyte most prevalent in each compartment.

Answer 9

The intracellular and extracellular compartments

Question 10

Intracellular fluid

Answer 10

2/3 of body’s water, fluid w/in cells, higher concentration of potassium

Question 11

extracellular fluid

Answer 11

1/3 of body’s water, intravascular and interstitial

Question 12

Identify and explain the two mechanisms for movement of fluids between intracellular (ICF) and extracellular (ECF) areas.

Answer 12

Explained by osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

Question 13

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 13

pressure exerted by fluid on the membrane

Question 14

Differentiate between osmosis and diffusion. Identify the osmolality of blood considered to be normal.

Answer 14

280-300 mOsm/kg

Question 15

Identify the minimum urine excretion per day to carry away waste products. How does this relate to the undertaking of a high protein diet? High sodium diet?

Answer 15

500-750 ml/day

Question 16

RAAS Activation

Answer 16

Decreased BV; Decreasing hydrostatic pressure

Question 17

Angiotensin II

Answer 17

constricts arteries raising BP; triggers release of aldosterone

Question 18

Aldosterone

Answer 18

kidneys retain sodium; sodium causes water to be retained

Question 19

Arginine Vasopressin release

Answer 19

(ADH) ; increased osmolality; decreased hydrostatic pressure

Question 20

Arginine Vasopressin

Answer 20

ADH; increases BV; lowers osmolality

Question 21

How many liters of digestive fluid is reabsorbed by the illeum and colon?

Answer 21

7-9 liters

Question 22

How many ml of water is secreted into the feces?

Answer 22

200ml

Question 23

How does fluid requirements change for patients with fever?

Answer 23

150 ml increase/day for each degree of body temperature above normal

Question 24

Fluid needs Calculation based on caloric intake

Answer 24

1 ml/kcal

Question 25

Fluid needs calculation based on body weight

Answer 25

30-35 ml/kg of body weight

Question 26

Infant Fluid needs calculation based on caloric intake

Answer 26

1.5 ml/kcal; kids have higher percentage of body water, larger surface area per unit of body weight, can't handle higher protein loads, poor recognizers of dehydration

Question 27

Infant fluid needs calculation based on body weight

Answer 27

150ml/kg

Question 28

Maintenance therapy vs Replacement therapy

Answer 28

M - refers to routine fluid and electrolyte needs; Replacement - restore acute volume losses

Question 29

Why are the elderly at increased dehydration risk?

Answer 29

Lose ability to recognize thirst as we age; have impaired renal concentrating ability

Question 30

Isotonic IV

Answer 30

D5W - 5% dextrose in water or Normal saline-.9%NaCl

Question 31

Symptoms of overhydration

Answer 31

Low urine Specific gravity; pitting edema/periorbital edema; excessive frothy sputum; rapid labored and moist respirations

Question 32

What organ is most susceptible to water intoxication?

Answer 32

The brain; water intoxication causes hyponatremia, which leads to movement of water into the brain cells.