What is the AMDR for carbs?
45-65% cal
What is the RDA for carbs?
130 g
What is the RDA for men for fiber?
38 g
What is the RDA for fiber for women ?
25 g
What is the AMDR for total fat?
20-35% cal
What is the AMDR for protein ?
10-35% cal
What is the RAD for protein?
0.8g/kg of body weight
What is the RAD for N-6?
11-17 g
What is the RDA for N-3?
1.1-1.6 g
What are the momsaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, galactose
What digests disaccharides?
Brush boarder enzymes (sucrose, lactase)
What is the naming for sucrose?
Glucose(a1-B2) fructose
What is an invert sugar?
Glucose and fructose in 1:1 ratio
Wha this the most common form of carb malabsorption?
Lack of lactase
What disaccharide is a product of starch degradation?
Maltose
What are bad sources of lactose?
Wheat bread, cheddar cheese, cake donut
What are good sources of lactose?
Yogurt, milk, ice cream, cottage cheese, milk chocolate
Added sugar should account for how much of total energy?
Less than 10%
What acts as fiber?
Oligosaccharides
What is the sweetest thing?
Fructose
What is storage form of carbs in plants?
Starch
What is storage from of carbs in mammals ?
Glycogen
Starch is 100_________?
Glucose
Starch is a combo of what?
Amylose, amylopectin
What is the most resistant starch?
RS3
What is retro graded from cooling gelatinized starch?
RS3
What kind of starch is chemically synthesized or “modified”
RS4
What starch is physically inaccessible for digestion?
RS1
What is starch digested by?
Alpha amylase
What does alpha amylase digest?
Alpha (1-4) bonds
What does alpha amylase yield?
Dextrins and limit dextrins
What digests dextrins and limit dextrins ?
Maltase and isomaltase
Is glycogen found in plants ?
No
How much glycogen in calories is in the liver?
100 g = 400 kcal
How much glycogen is stored in the muscle ?
350 g = 1400 kcal
What are the insoluble fibers?
Cellulose, lignin, some pectins, some hemicelluloses
What are good sources of fiber?
- Beans 2. Veggies 3. Fruits 4. Breads and cereals
What may contain up to 14 grams of fiber per serving?
Bran cereals
What kind of fiber increase water wording capacity and increase fecal volume and decreases GI transit time?
Insoluble fiber
What kind of fiber increase GI transit time, form gels, bind nutrients?
Soluble fiber
What do fiber rich foods contain?
Phytate and oxalate
What kind of fiber helps deter heart disease and babies?
Soluble
What food decreased colorectal cancer most?
Cereal fiber
Average Americans consume how much fiber per day?
12-18 g/day
Glucose is regulated by what?
Insulin and glucagon
What is the normal fasting blood glucose?
70-99mg/dL
What cells release insulin?
Beta cells in the pancreas
Insulin stimulates what in muscle and adipose ?
GLUT-4
What cells release glucagon?
Alpha cells in the pancreas
People with type 1 diabetes are insulin ___________?
Dependent
People with type 2 diabetes are insulin_______?>
Independent
What affects blood glucose and increases triglycerides?
Sugars and starch
Does dietary fiber increase blood glucose?
No
In the stomach, what denatures protein and activates pepsin?
HCl
By what method is protein absorbed?
Active transport
What protein def has an appearance on the skin and bone?
Marasmus
What protein malnutrition is associated with stomach distension and dry brittle hair?
Kwashiorkor
A positive on the skin prick test tells you that there’s a ____% chance of allergy?
50
What is celiac disease ?
IgA reaction to gliadin
What makes up 50% of al the phospholoipids in the body?
Lecithin
What makes phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)
Pamitic acid and oleic acid
What enzyme breaks down lipids in the mouth?
Lingual lipase
What enzyme breaks down lipids in the stomach?
Gastric lipase (and peristalsis)
What enzyme breaks down lipids in the SI?
Pancreatic lipase
Lipids are absorbed via what?
Passive diffusion
What is required to transport long chain FA to the mitochondria ?
L-carnitine
Lipoprotein lipase is activated by?
ApoC-2 on VLDL and chylomicrons
What does LACT require?
Copper
LCAT is associated with what?
HDL (reverse cholesterol transport
What activates LCAT?
ApoA-1
What inhibits lipoprotein lipase?
ApoC-III
What muscle fiber has more IMTG?
Type 1
Tri to di =?
Adipose triglyceride lipase
Di to mono =?
Hormone sensitive lipase
Mono to glycerol?
Monoglyceride lipase
Omega 3 def =?
Eye probs, nerve damage
Omega 6 def =?
Scaly skin, extreme thirst
Replacing Caribs with Mufa and PUFA decreases what?
TG, VLDL, blood pressure and c reactive protein
Replacing carbs with Mufa and PUFA increases what?
HDL
What is the most potent and aggressive of ROS/RNS?
Hydroxyl radicAL
WHAT Are the enzymatic AOX?
SOD, GPx, CAT
GPx requires what?
Selenium
What does catalase (CAT) require?
Iron
What are able to quench free rads?
Vit ACE
What is able to regenerate vitamin E?
Vic C, coQ, b-carotene, glutathione
What is pathological obsession or preoccupation with healthy foods?
Orthorexia nervosa
What does free cholesterol inhabit?
HMG CoA reductase
What does free cholesterol decrease ?
LDL synth
In late fasting half of gluconeogenesis occurs where?
Kidney
What is released from muscle and take up by the kidney and used for gluconeogenesis?
Glutamine