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Health Assessment Spring 25' > Ex:4 8 Apr Gastrointestinal Assessment Spring '25 > Flashcards

Ex:4 8 Apr Gastrointestinal Assessment Spring '25 Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What are the main functions of the GI tract?

A

Motility, digestion, absorption, excretion, and circulation.

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2
Q

List the layers of the GI tract from outermost to innermost.

A
  • Serosa
  • Longitudinal muscle layer
  • Circular muscle layer
  • Submucosa
  • Mucosa
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3
Q

What is the role of the longitudinal muscle layer in the GI tract?

A

Contracts to shorten the length of the intestinal segment.

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4
Q

What is the function of the circular muscle layer in the GI tract?

A

Contracts to decrease the diameter of the intestinal lumen.

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5
Q

What is the celiac plexus responsible for?

A

Innervates the GI organs up to the proximal transverse colon.

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6
Q

What does the hypogastric plexus innervate?

A

The descending colon and distal GI tract.

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7
Q

What are the components of the enteric nervous system?

A
  • Myenteric plexus
  • Submucosal plexus
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8
Q

What does the myenteric plexus control?

A

Motility, carried out by enteric neurons, interstitial cells of Cajal, and smooth muscle cells.

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9
Q

What is the main purpose of an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy?

A

Diagnostic or therapeutic assessment of the esophagus, stomach, pylorus, and duodenum.

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10
Q

What is the primary use of High Resolution Manometry (HRM)?

A

To diagnose motility disorders.

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11
Q

What are the three categories of esophageal diseases?

A
  • Anatomical
  • Mechanical
  • Neurologic
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12
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing.

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13
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

A

Effortless return of gastric contents into the pharynx.

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14
Q

What is achalasia?

A

Neuromuscular disorder of the esophagus creating an outflow obstruction due to inadequate LES tone.

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15
Q

What are the three classes of achalasia?

A
  • Type 1: minimal esophageal pressure
  • Type 2: entire esophagus pressurized
  • Type 3: esophageal spasms with premature contractions
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16
Q

What is the most common symptom of esophageal disease?

A

Dysphagia.

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17
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

Herniation of stomach into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus.

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18
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of peptic ulcer disease?

A

10% women, 12% men.

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19
Q

What is Zollinger Ellison Syndrome?

A

Non B cell pancreatic tumor (gastrinoma) causing gastrin hypersecretion.

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20
Q

What are reversible causes of small bowel dysmotility?

A
  • Mechanical obstruction
  • Bacterial overgrowth
  • Ileus
  • Electrolyte abnormalities
  • Critical illness
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21
Q

What are the primary symptoms of colonic dysmotility?

A

Altered bowel habits and/or intermittent cramping.

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22
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Acts as a reservoir for waste and indigestible material before elimination and extracts remaining electrolytes and water.

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23
Q

What is the role of giant migrating complexes in the large intestine?

A

Produce mass movements across the large intestine.

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24
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

A

A condition that involves chronic inflammation of the GI tract.

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25
Fill in the blank: The stomach serves as a reservoir for food, mixes and breaks down food to form _______.
[chyme]
26
True or False: The autonomic nervous system has an extrinsic component that is primarily inhibitory for GI motility.
True.
27
What are the common treatments for GERD?
* Avoidance of trigger foods * Antacids * H2 blockers * PPIs * Surgery (Nissen Fundoplication, Toupet, LINX)
28
What are the anesthesia challenges associated with colonoscopy?
* Patient dehydration due to bowel prep * NPO status
29
What is the risk of aspiration in patients with esophageal disease?
Increased risk due to difficulty swallowing and potential for food retention.
30
What does the submucosal plexus control?
Absorption, secretion, and mucosal blood flow.
31
What are the common symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction?
Recurrent vomiting, dehydration, and hyperchloremic alkalosis.
32
How often do movements occur across the large intestine in a healthy state?
Approximately 6-10 times a day
33
What are the primary symptoms of colonic dysmotility?
Altered bowel habits and/or intermittent cramping
34
What are the most common diseases associated with colonic dysmotility?
* IBS * IBD
35
In Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), what happens to contractions due to inflammation?
Contractions are suppressed, but giant migrating complexes remain
36
What is the incidence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?
18 per 100,000 people
37
What is Ulcerative Colitis (UC)?
A mucosal disease of part or all of the colon
38
What are common symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis?
* Diarrhea * Rectal bleeding * Crampy abdominal pain * Nausea/Vomiting * Fever * Weight loss
39
What lab findings may be present in Ulcerative Colitis?
* Increased platelets * Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate * Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit * Decreased albumin
40
What complication requires surgical colectomy in Ulcerative Colitis?
Hemorrhage requiring 6 or more units of blood in 24-48 hours
41
What triggers toxic megacolon in Ulcerative Colitis?
Electrolyte disturbances
42
What is a common complication of Ulcerative Colitis with a 15% mortality rate?
Colon perforation
43
What is Crohn’s Disease?
An acute or chronic inflammatory process that may affect any or all of the bowel
44
What is the most common site for Crohn’s Disease?
The terminal ileum
45
What are common symptoms of Crohn’s Disease?
* Weight loss * Fear of eating * Anorexia * Diarrhea
46
What happens as persistent inflammation progresses in Crohn's Disease?
Fibrous narrowing and stricture formation
47
What is the mainstay medical treatment for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?
5-Acetylsalicylic acid (5-ASA)
48
What is the last resort treatment for IBD?
Surgery
49
What is a common origin for carcinoid tumors?
GI tract
50
What is carcinoid syndrome?
Occurs in 10% of patients with carcinoid tumors, leading to excess serotonin and vasoactive substances in systemic circulation
51
What are common symptoms of carcinoid syndrome?
* Flushing * Diarrhea * Hypertension/Hypotension * Bronchoconstriction
52
What is the hallmark lab finding for acute pancreatitis?
Increased serum amylase and lipase
53
What are the most common causes of acute pancreatitis?
* Gallstones * Alcohol abuse
54
What is the primary symptom of acute pancreatitis?
Excruciating epigastric pain that radiates to the back
55
What is the preferred method of feeding in acute pancreatitis?
Enteral feeding
56
What is the most common cause of upper GI bleeding?
Peptic ulcer disease
57
What indicates that a GI bleed is above the cecum?
Melena
58
What is the diagnostic procedure of choice for upper GI bleeding?
EGD
59
What characterizes lower GI bleeding?
Generally occurs in the elderly
60
What is ileus?
Characterized by massive dilation of the colon without mechanical obstruction
61
What can cause ileus?
* Electrolyte disorders * Immobility * Excessive narcotics * Anticholinergics
62
What is the treatment for ileus?
* Restore electrolyte balance * Hydrate * Mobilize * NG suction * Enemas
63
What are the main functions of the GI tract?
* Motility * Digestion * Absorption * Excretion * Circulation
64
What are the layers of the GI tract wall from outermost to innermost?
* Serosa * Longitudinal muscle * Circular muscle * Submucosa * Mucosa
65
What system innervates the GI tract?
Autonomic nervous system
66
What is the role of the enteric nervous system?
Controls motility, secretion, and blood flow
67
True or False: Opioids increase GI motility.
False
68
What is the effect of volatile anesthetics on GI activity?
Depress electrical, contractile, and propulsive GI activity
69
What happens to GI function postoperatively?
The small intestine recovers first, followed by the stomach and colon

Health Assessment Spring 25' (20 decks)

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