Final: 22 APR HTN and PH/PAH Flashcards
(99 cards)
What is the definition of hypertension?
Sustained blood pressure greater than 130 systolic and/or greater than 80 diastolic
Hypertension affects about 100 million people in the United States, nearly half of adults.
What are the ethnic prevalence rates of hypertension in the adult population?
- 40% of African Americans
- 30% of Whites
- 29% of Asians
- 27% of Hispanics
The longer you live, the more likely you are to develop hypertension.
What is the lifetime risk of developing hypertension?
90%
This indicates that most individuals will experience some level of hypertension in their lifetime.
What are the classifications of blood pressure according to the guidelines?
- Normal: below 120/80
- Elevated: 120-129 systolic and <80 diastolic
- Stage One Hypertension: 130-139 systolic and 80-89 diastolic
- Stage Two Hypertension: >140 systolic or >90 diastolic
These classifications help in diagnosing and managing hypertension.
What are some complications of chronic hypertension?
- Ischemic heart disease
- Stroke
- Renal failure
- Retinopathy
- Peripheral vascular disease
- Increased mortality
Chronic hypertension affects all organ systems.
What is isolated systolic hypertension?
Systolic pressure above 130 with diastolic pressure below 80
This condition is common in older adults.
What is the primary cause of hypertension?
Unclear and multifactorial
Contributing factors include systemic nervous system hyperactivity and genetic predisposition.
What are common causes of secondary hypertension?
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Cushing’s disease
- Pheochromocytoma
Secondary hypertension is more rare but potentially correctable.
What lifestyle factors can contribute to hypertension?
- Obesity
- Chronic alcoholism
- Tobacco use
These factors decrease the compliance of blood vessels.
What is resistant hypertension?
Above blood pressure goal despite being on over three antihypertensive drugs at maximum doses
This indicates a challenging clinical scenario for management.
What are non-pharmacological interventions for hypertension?
- Weight loss
- Reducing alcohol intake
- Exercise
- Stopping smoking
These lifestyle modifications can significantly impact blood pressure control.
What is pseudo resistant hypertension?
Falsely elevated blood pressure due to inaccurate readings or non-compliance
This condition mimics resistant hypertension but is not due to true treatment failure.
What dietary factors are inversely related to hypertension?
- Adequate potassium intake
- Adequate calcium intake
- Salt restriction
These dietary adjustments can help in managing blood pressure.
What is the recommended therapeutic goal for blood pressure treatment?
Systolic under 130 and diastolic under 80
This goal is crucial for reducing cardiovascular risk.
Which medications are recommended for non-black hypertensive patients?
- ACE inhibitors
- ARBs
- Calcium channel blockers
- Diuretics
These medications are effective in managing hypertension in this demographic.
What is the role of beta-blockers in hypertension treatment?
Reserved for patients with coronary artery disease or arrhythmias
Beta-blockers are not typically first-line therapy for hypertension.
What factors increase the risk of hypertension in patients taking certain medications?
- Ketoconazole
- NSAIDs
- Chemotherapy drugs
- Herbal drugs
- Immunosuppressive agents
Awareness of these medications is important for managing blood pressure.
What is the impact of weight loss on blood pressure?
A decrease in one kilogram of body weight reduces blood pressure by about one millimeter of mercury
This demonstrates the effectiveness of weight management in hypertension control.
What is the significance of a widened pulse pressure?
Increased risk factor for cardiac morbidity
It correlates with vascular remodeling and stiffness.
What is the effect of chronic hypertension on vascular health?
Leads to endothelial dysfunction and increased vascular stiffness
This can result in various cardiovascular diseases.
What is the role of lifestyle modifications in hypertension management?
Important components to complement pharmacological treatment
Addressing lifestyle factors can enhance the efficacy of medications.
What type of therapy is supported for chronic kidney disease to manage hypertension?
ACE inhibitors or ARBs
These medications reduce proteinuria and slow the decline in glomerular filtration rate.
What are important components of comprehensive blood pressure management?
Non-pharmacological interventions
These interventions include lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise.
When are beta blockers generally reserved in hypertensive treatment?
For patients with coronary artery disease or TAFE dysrhythmias
They may also be used as part of a multi-drug regimen for resistant hypertension.
