Exam 1

Question 0

Descent with Modification

Answer 0

Species that lived in the past are the ancestors of the species existing today and that descendant changes through time

Question 1

Population thinking

Answer 1

Variation among individuals in a population is the key to understanding the nature of species(Darwin)

Question 2

Fossil

Answer 2

Trace of an organism that lived in the past

Question 3

Fossil record

Answer 3

Consist of all fossils that have been found

Question 4

Extant

Answer 4

Species living today

Question 5

Transitional feature

Answer 5

Trait in fossil species that is intermediate between those of older and younger species

Question 6

Vestigial trait

Answer 6

Reduced or incompletely developed structure that has no function or reduced function

Question 7

Phylogeny

Answer 7

Family tree of population or species

Question 8

Homology

Answer 8

“Study of likeness” similarity that exists in species because they both inherited the trait from a common ancestor

Question 9

Biological fitness

Answer 9

Ability of an individual to produce surviving offspring

Question 10

Acclimation

Answer 10

Changes in individual phenotype that occur in response to changes in environment

Question 11

Genetic correlation

Answer 11

Constraint caused by pleiotropy(single allele affects multiple traits)

Question 12

Fitness trade-off

Answer 12

Compromise between traits in terms of how those traits perform in the environment

Question 13

Mechanisms that shift allele frequencies

Answer 13

Natural selection
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Mutation

Question 14

Gene pool

Answer 14

All gametes produced in a generation and combine at random to produce offspring

Question 15

Hardy-Weinberg principle

Answer 15

No trend toward both alleles reaching frequency of 0.5

Question 16

Hardy-Weinberg rules

Answer 16

1) no natural selection
2) random allele frequency changes
3) no gene flow
4) no mutation
5) random mating for gene in question

Question 17

Genetic variation

Answer 17

Number of relative frequency of alleles present in a particular population

Question 18

Directional selection

Answer 18

Average phenotype of the populations change in one direction

Question 19

Purifying selection

Answer 19

Disadvantageous alleles decline in frequency

Question 20

Stabilizing selection

Answer 20

Reduce both extremes in a population, no change in average trait and genetic variation reduced

Question 21

Disruptive selection

Answer 21

Favors phenotypes on the extreme

Question 22

Heterozygote advantage

Answer 22

Heterozygous individuals have higher fitness than homozygous

Question 23

Balancing selection

Answer 23

No single allele has a distinct advantage and increases in frequency

Question 24

Frequency dependent selection

Answer 24

When alleles are favored when rare but not common

Question 25

Genetic drift

Answer 25

Any change in allele frequencies on a population due to chance

Question 26

Sampling error

Answer 26

Allele frequencies change due to blind luck

Question 27

Genetic marker

Answer 27

Specific allele that causes a distinctive phenotype

Question 28

Founder effect

Answer 28

Change in allele frequencies by occurs when a new population is established

Question 29

Genetic bottleneck

Answer 29

Sudden reduction in numbers of alleles in a population

Question 30

Gene flow

Answer 30

Movement of alleles from one population to another

Question 31

Mutation

Answer 31

Change in genetic code

Question 32

Deleterious

Answer 32

Alleles that lower fitness

Question 33

Beneficial

Answer 33

Allele that allows individuals to produce more offsprig

Question 34

Interbreeding depression

Answer 34

Decline in average fitness takes place when homozygosity and heterozygosity decrecreses

Question 35

Sexual selection

Answer 35

Individuals within a population differ in their ability to attract mates

Question 36

Territory

Answer 36

Area actively defended as provides exclusive use by owner

Question 37

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 37

Any trait that differs in males and females