Exam 2

Question 0

Phylogenetics

Answer 0

Study of evolutionary history, in three types:
Cladists
Pheneticists
Evolutionary taxonomists

Question 1

Systematics

Answer 1

Study of biological diversity

Question 2

Cladists

Answer 2

Attempt quantitative reconstruction of phylogeny, taxonomies based on phylogeny(W. Henning, J. Farris)
We accept this method today

Question 3

Pheneticists

Answer 3

Phylogeny reconstruction not possible, quantitative group of species-> taxonomy (sokal smith)

Question 4

Evolutionary taxonomists

Answer 4

Skeptical of quantitative approaches to phylogeny but thought some reconstruction was possible: taxonomy->phylogeny-> other considerations
(E. Mayer)

Question 5

Taxonomy is based on…

Answer 5

Phylogeny

Question 6

Cladogram

Answer 6

Only relative splits matter

Question 7

Phylogram

Answer 7

Branch lengths are proportional to time, or amount of evolutionary change

Question 8

Phylogenetic groups

Answer 8

Monophyletic
Paraphyletic
Polyphyletica

Question 9

Monophyletic

Answer 9

Ancestor and all it’s descendants

Question 10

Paraphyletic

Answer 10

Ancestor and some of it’s descendants

Question 11

Polyphyletic

Answer 11

Two or more separate monophyletic groups

Question 12

Synapomorphy

Answer 12

Shared derived trait that changes on a branch leading to a group of interest

Question 13

Homology

Answer 13

Similarity due to shared ancestry

Question 14

Convergence

Answer 14

(Aka parallelism aka analogy)

Similarity not due to shared ancestry

Question 15

Reversal

Answer 15

Evolutionary reappearance of previously lost trait

Question 16

Phylogenetic methods

Answer 16

Parsimony
Distance
Likelyhood-based/ bayesian

Question 17

Phylogenetic taxonomy naming

Answer 17

Node-based

Stem-based

Question 18

Node-based

Answer 18

“The most recent shared ancestor of _______ and ______ and all it’s descendants”

Question 19

Stem-based

Answer 19

“All taxa more closely related to ______ than to ______”

Question 20

Adaptive radiation

Answer 20

Process where organisms diversify rapidly into new species 
Ex: 
African lake cichlids
Galapagos finches
Greater antillean anolis

Question 21

Ecomorph

Answer 21

Suite of ecological, morphological and behavioral characteristics associated with a particular niche
Ex: anolis lizard

Question 22

Protobiant

Answer 22

Aggregations of abiotically produced organic compounds in a lipid bilayer

Question 23

Abiogenesis

Answer 23

Life from non-life (metabolic, grow, react, reproduce, evolve)

Question 24

Miller-Urey Experiment

Answer 24

Recreates ancient atmosphere to create amino acids and nuclei acids naturally(spontaneously) through non-life chemical reactions

Question 25

Precambrian major life events

Answer 25

``` Origin of life Origin of sex Origin of photosynthesis Origin of complex cells Origin of multicellular life ```

Question 26

The three domains

Answer 26

Eukaryota Bacteria Archaea

Question 27

Attacks on evolution

Answer 27

- just a theory - no transitional forms - cannot observe - okay with micro but not macroecolution - too complex and jntegrated to have evolved

Question 28

Parsimony

Answer 28

Minimize number of evolutionary changes on candidate trees(take sum)

Question 29

Distance

Answer 29

Find "distance" between taxa, match branch lengths on tree to distances in one step

Question 30

Likelyhood-based/Bayesian

Answer 30

- Probability of data/probability of hypothesis - Statistical, explicit about model of evolution - Favored method these days(most accurate)

Question 31

Parsimony

Answer 31

The most likely explanation or pattern is the one that implies the least amount of change

Question 32

Homoplasy

Answer 32

Traits are similar but not inherited from a common ancestor

Question 33

Outgroup

Answer 33

A species or group that is closely related to the monophyletic group but not a part of it

Question 34

Hyphae

Answer 34

(in a fungus) one of the threadlike elements of the mycelium

Question 35

RNA Hypothesis

Answer 35

Proposes that self-replicating ribonucleic acid (RNA)molecules were the precursors to current life, which is based on DNA, RNA, and proteins. Why RNA? RNA is catalytic (like an enzyme protein), serves as storage for genetic info, and is potentially self-replicating

Question 36

Apomorphy

Answer 36

Derived trait evolved within a tree Ex. Nuclear envelope

Question 37

Plesiomorphy

Answer 37

Ancestral state of a trait

Question 38

Precambrian

Answer 38

Divided into Hadean, Archaean, and Proterozoic - life was exclusively unicellular for most of earth's history - oxygen was virtually absent from the oceans and atmosphere for almost 2 billion years after the origin of life

Question 39

What triggers adaptive radiation?

Answer 39

New resources and new ways to exploit resources

Question 40

Desirable properties of data

Answer 40

Heritable Discrete Independence Appropriate level of variation