Exam 3

Question 1

population

Answer 1

group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area at the same time

Question 2

population ecology

Answer 2

study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time

Question 3

immigration

Answer 3

when individuals enter a population by moving from another population

Question 4

emigration

Answer 4

when individuals leave a population to join another population

Question 5

demography

Answer 5

the study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time

Question 6

generation

Answer 6

avg. time between a mother’s first offspring and her daughter’s first offspring

Question 7

life table

Answer 7

summarizes the probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in any given time interval over the course of its lifetime

Question 8

survivorship

Answer 8

the proportion of offspring produced that survive, on avg., to a particular age

Question 9

cohort

Answer 9

group of the same age that can be followed through time

Question 10

survivorship curve

Answer 10

logarithm of the number of survivors versus age

Question 11

fecundity

Answer 11

the number of female offspring produces by each female in a population

Question 12

age-specific fecundity

Answer 12

the avg. number of female offspring produced by a female in age class x

Question 13

age class

Answer 13

a group of individuals of a specific age

Question 14

fitness trade-offs

Answer 14

a compromise between two traits that cannot be optimized simultaneously

Question 15

life history

Answer 15

describes how an individual allocates resources to growth, reproduction, and activities or structures that are related to survival

Question 16

intrinsic rate of increase (r max)

Answer 16

when conditions are optimal for a particular species-high birthrates & low deathrates- then r reaches a maximal value

Question 17

Exponential population growth

Answer 17

occurs when r does not change over time

Question 18

density independent

Answer 18

refers to any characteristic that varies depending on population density

Question 19

density dependent

Answer 19

any characteristic that does not vary with population density

Question 20

population density

Answer 20

the number of individuals per unit area

Question 21

carrying capacity (K)

Answer 21

the maximum number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time

Question 22

logistic population growth

Answer 22

changes in growth rate that occurs as a function of population size; logistic growth is density dependent

Question 23

population dynamics

Answer 23

changes in populations through time

Question 24

metapopulation

Answer 24

a population of populations

Question 25

age structure

Answer 25

the proportion of individuals that are at each possible age

Question 26

replacement rate

Answer 26

avg. fertility required for each woman to produce exactly enough offspring to replace herself and her offspring's father

Question 27

zero population growth (ZPG)

Answer 27

when the replacement fertility rate is sustained for a generation, r=0

Question 28

behavior

Answer 28

the response to a stimulus

Question 29

proximate causation

Answer 29

explains how actions occur in terms of the neurological, hormonal, and skeletal-muscular mechanisms involved

Question 30

ultimate causation

Answer 30

explains why actions occur based on an animal's evolutionary consequences and history

Question 31

fixed action patterns (FAPS)

Answer 31

highly stereotyped behavior pattern that occurs in a certain way in a certain species; a form of innate behavior

Question 32

innate behavior

Answer 32

behavior that is inherited genetically, does not have to be learned, and is typical of a species

Question 33

cost-benefit analysis

Answer 33

decisions or analyses that weigh the fitness costs and benefits of a particular action

Question 34

foraging

Answer 34

when animals seek food

Question 35

optimal foraging

Answer 35

claim that animals maximize their feeding efficiency

Question 36

ecology

Answer 36

the study of how organisms interact with their environment

Question 37

community

Answer 37

consists of the species that interact with each other within a particular area

Question 38

ecosystem

Answer 38

consists of all the organisms in a particular region along with nonliving components.

Question 39

abiotic

Answer 39

"not-living" physical components that include air, water, and soil

Question 40

conservation biology

Answer 40

effort to study, preserve, and restore threatened populations, communities, and ecosystems

Question 41

biotic

Answer 41

"living" components that are members of the same or different species

Question 42

turnovers

Answer 42

(in lake ecology) the complete mixing of upper and lower layers of water that occurs each spring and fall in temperate-zone lakes

Question 43

thermocline

Answer 43

a gradient (cline) in environmental temperature across a large geographic area