exam 1

Question 1

Herbert Mead

Answer 1

• Develop personal identities through interacting with others
• others’ messages form foundation of self-concepts
• learn who you are and how you are perceived through mass communication
• looking-glass self

Question 2

Content level of meaning

Answer 2

literal message

Question 3

Pathos

Answer 3

appeal to emotion

Question 4

logos

Answer 4

appeal to logic

Question 5

ethos

Answer 5

credibility of speaker

Question 6

Foucalt

Answer 6

power comes from controlling knowledge

Question 7

textual analysis

Answer 7

interpretation of symbolic activities

Question 8

rhetorical criticism

Answer 8

process of examining a text to see how it works communicatively

Question 9

mediated communication

Answer 9

technology influences how you think and work

Question 10

constructivism

Answer 10

organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures

Question 11

cognitive schemata

Answer 11

4 mental structures people use to organize and interpret experience

Question 12

Stereotype

Answer 12

• Cognitive Schemata
• predictive generalization about a person or situation based on the category we place something in and how it measures up against personal constructs, we predict what it will do

Question 13

Scripts

Answer 13

• cognitive schemata
• sequence of activities that spell out how we are expected to act

Question 14

Self-serving Bias

Answer 14

• tend to construct attributions that serve our personal interests
• attribute positive actions to internal and stable factors

Question 15

positive visualization

Answer 15

• technique used to enhance success by teaching people to visualize themselves positively

Question 16

empathy

Answer 16

ability to feel with another person

Question 17

culture

Answer 17

beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people

Question 18

language is ARBITRARY

Answer 18

verbal symbols are not intrinsically connected to what they represent

Question 19

language is ABSTRACT

Answer 19

words stand for ideas and things, but they are not the same as those ideas and things

Question 20

institutional facts

Answer 20

meanings of brute facts based on human interpretation

Question 21

communicative rules

Answer 21

shared understandings among members of culture of social group about what communication means and what behaviors are appropriate

Question 22

loaded language

Answer 22

words that slant perceptions and meaning
- EX: “geezer” = pity older people
“senior citizen” = respect older people

Question 23

nonverbal communication

Answer 23

makes up 65-93% of all communication

Question 24

1 principle of nonverbal communication

Answer 24

nonverbal communication is ambiguous

Question 25

1 principle of nonverbal communication

Answer 25

nonverbal behavior interacts with verbal

Question 26

1 principle of nonverbal communication

Answer 26

nonverbal communication establishes relationships

Question 27

1 principle of nonverbal communication

Answer 27

nonverbal communication reflects cultural values

Question 28

constitutive rules

Answer 28

what certain behaviors are understood to count as

Question 29

regulative rules

Answer 29

when and where certain behaviors are appropriate or not

Question 30

olifactics

Answer 30

- type of nonverbal behavior - perception of odors and scents

Question 31

communication

Answer 31

systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings

Question 32

systems

Answer 32

parts of communications are interrelated and affect one another

Question 33

openness

Answer 33

extent to which a system affects and is affected by outside factors and processes

Question 34

relationship level of meaning

Answer 34

expresses the relationship between communicators

Question 35

Linear Model

Answer 35

- Harold Laswell - one person acts on another person - straight forward from sender to receiver

Question 36

noise

Answer 36

anything that distorts, interferes with, or slows down the transmission of information

Question 37

interactive model

Answer 37

- Wilbur Schramm - communicators create and interpret messages within personal fields of experience

Question 38

Quantitative Research

Answer 38

surveys

Question 39

Qualitative Research

Answer 39

nonnumerical knowledge

Question 40

Perception

Answer 40

- active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting people - shapes understanding of others' communications and choices we make in our own communications

Question 41

Selection

Answer 41

- choose what to notice - notice things that stand out

Question 42

Prototypes

Answer 42

- cognitive schemata - knowledge structures that define the clearest or ideal examples of some category

Question 43

Personal Constructs

Answer 43

- cognitive schemata - mental yardstick that allows us to measure a person or situation along a bipolar dimension of judgement - EX: fun OR not-fun; intelligent OR not-intelligent

Question 44

brute facts

Answer 44

objective, concrete phenomena

Question 45

punctuation

Answer 45

way to mark a flow of activity into meaningful units

Question 46

totalizing

Answer 46

responding to a person as if one label totally represents that person

Question 47

responsiveness

Answer 47

- first dimension of relationship level meaning - eye contact, inflections, facial expressions, posture

Question 48

liking

Answer 48

- second dimension of relationship level meaning - indicate whether we feel positive or negative about things

Question 49

power

Answer 49

- third dimension of relationship level meaning - define dominance and negotiate status and influence

Question 50

kinesics

Answer 50

- type of nonverbal behavior - body position and motions - includes facial

Question 51

haptics

Answer 51

- type of nonverbal behavior - physical touch

Question 52

1 principle of nonverbal communication

Answer 52

nonverbal communication regulates interaction