exam 2

Question 1

45-55%

Answer 1

Time the average person spends listening

Question 2

Interpretations

Answer 2

• Fourth aspect of listening
• put together all we have selected and organized in making sense of communication
• depends on ability to understand others on their terms

Question 3

Environmental Distractions

Answer 3

• Setting interferes with effective listening
• a situational obstacle

Question 4

Prejudgement

Answer 4

• judging others on their ideas before we have heard them
• internal obstacle

Question 5

monopolizing

Answer 5

• focusing communication on ourselves instead of on the speaker
• conversational rerouting and interrupting

Question 6

defensive

Answer 6

perceiving personal attack, criticism, or hostile undertone in communication when none is intended

Question 7

selective listening

Answer 7

focusing only on particular parts of communication

Question 8

ambushing

Answer 8

• listen carefully to gather ammunition to attack speaker
• a form of extreme monopolizing

Question 9

mnemonic device

Answer 9

memory aid that creates pattern to help remember what you have learned

Question 10

paraphrase

Answer 10

rephrase to understand speaker

Question 11

communication climate

Answer 11

emotional tone of relationship between people

Question 12

ethnocentrism

Answer 12

• our culture and its norms are the only right ones
• form of certainty

Question 13

certainty

Answer 13

absolute and dogmatic

Question 14

provisionalism

Answer 14

• alternative to certainty
• tentative language to signal openness to other points of view

Question 15

conflict

Answer 15

exists when people who depend on each other have differences perceived as incompatible

Question 16

covert conflict

Answer 16

people express disagreement indirectly

Question 17

components in conflict process

Answer 17

• 4 key components:
  1) Conflict of Interests
  2) Conflict orientations
  3) Conflict responses
  4) Conflict outcomes

Question 18

Win-Win

Answer 18

Conflict orientation assuming conflict can be resolved so everyone wins

Question 19

Win-Lose

Answer 19

conflict orientation where one person wins at the expense of another

Question 20

Lose-Lose

Answer 20

Conflict orientation resulting in losses for everyone involved

Question 21

Loyalty Response

Answer 21

• Conflict response where one stays in relationship despite differences
• passive and can be constructive

Question 22

Assertive communication

Answer 22

Expresses speaker’s thoughts and feelings without disparaging someone else’s

Question 23

Culture

Answer 23

• a way of life
• system of ideas, values, beliefs, etc. that is passed generationally and reflects and sustains a way of life

Question 24

Individualistic cultures

Answer 24

act relatively independently

Question 25

Collectivistic cultures

Answer 25

identity is deeply tied to groups, families, and clans

Question 26

standpoint theory

Answer 26

social groups within a culture distinctively shape members' perceptions, identities, expectations, and knowledge

Question 27

masculine cultures

Answer 27

culture values aggressiveness, competition, looking out for yourself, and dominating nature

Question 28

feminine cultures

Answer 28

culture values gentleness, cooperation, taking care of others, and living in harmony with nature

Question 29

low context culture

Answer 29

- direct explicit, and detailed communication - communicators do not assume others will share meanings or values - used in individualistic cultures

Question 30

high context culture

Answer 30

- indirect, undetailed and conveys meaning more implicitly than explicitly - people are connected and alike in terms of values and understanding - used in collectivistic cultures

Question 31

Resistance

Answer 31

- reject beliefs of cultures or social communities - may evaluate others based on standards of own culture

Question 32

Tolerance

Answer 32

- acceptance of differences whether or not one approves or understands them - less open-minded in seeing value of alternative lifestyle - does not actively foster accepting environment

Question 33

self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 33

expectations or judgements of ourselves that we bring about through our own actions

Question 34

reflected appraisals

Answer 34

process of seeing ourselves through others eyes

Question 35

generalized others

Answer 35

society's perspective that influences how we see ourselves

Question 36

direct definition

Answer 36

communication that explicitly tells us who we are by labeling us and our behavior

Question 37

life scripts

Answer 37

- rules or living and identity define our roles - basic identity scripts are formed early

Question 38

secure attachment style

Answer 38

- child's primary caregiver responds in consistently attentive and loving way to a child - child develops positive view of self and others

Question 39

anxious/ambivalent attachment style

Answer 39

- inconsistent treatment from care giver - unpredictability creates anxiety in child

Question 40

self-disclosure

Answer 40

revelation of personal information about ourselves that others are unlikely to learn on their own

Question 41

Johari Window

Answer 41

- four areas of awareness - Open, Closed, Unknown, and Blind

Question 42

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Answer 42

People find uncertainty uncomfortable and are motivated to use communication to reduce it

Question 43

Disclosure and Relationships

Answer 43

- how others respond affect relationship - frequency of disclosure declines over time

Question 44

Self Sabotage

Answer 44

Telling ourselves negative things about ourselves

Question 45

Influence of social perspectives

Answer 45

- people tend to internalize perspectives of their society - use critical thinking to evaluate social values

Question 46

Society shapes the self

Answer 46

through race, gender, sexual orientation, and social economic class (the 4 key social categories)