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PSY 100 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

___ are interconnected groups of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output.

A

Neural Networks

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2
Q

While walking barefoot on a beach, the physical pain that one experiences when stepping on a jellyfish most accurately exemplifies…

A

Sensation

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3
Q

___ are periodic physiological fluctuations in the body, such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated/decelerated cycles of the brain activity, that can influence behavior.

A

Biological Rhythms

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4
Q

You arrive at your friends’ apartment for a party. When you first arrive, the music so loud that it hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the music is still as loud, it no longer bothers you or seems loud. This change in your sensations describes the process of…

A

Sensory adaptation

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5
Q

What best represents the fluctuations of body temp in a 24 hour day.

A

Circadian Rhythm

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6
Q

The brain’s special capacity for change…

A

Plasticity

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7
Q

The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are components of the…

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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8
Q

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere w/ other ongoing activities are called…

A

Automatic processes

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9
Q

What sleep disorder involves difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night or waking up too early?

A

Insomnia

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10
Q

The brain and spinal cord make up the…

A

Central Nervous System

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11
Q

The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are components of the…

A

Autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

The nervous system

A

the body’s electrochemical communication circuitry

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13
Q

Neural networks

A

Neural networks are not static. They can be altered through changes in the strength of synaptic connections

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14
Q

Central vs. Peripheral nervous system

A

C - brain & spinal cord
P - autonomic & somatic

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15
Q

Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic nervous system

A

S - arousing
P - calming

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16
Q

cell body

A

the cell’s life support center

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17
Q

dendrites

A

receive messages from other cells

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18
Q

axon

A

passes messages away from the cell to body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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19
Q

synopsis

A

Tiny spaces between neurons; the gaps between neurons are referred to as synaptic gaps

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20
Q

antagonist drugs

A

A drug that blocks a neurotransmitter’s effects

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21
Q

agonist drugs

A

A drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter’s effects.

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22
Q

sensation

A

receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy

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23
Q

perception

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense

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24
Q

bottom-up processing

A

Taking sensory information and then assembling and integrating it

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25
top-down processing
Using models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory information
26
absolute threshold
The weakest amount of a stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time
27
difference threshold
Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time, also called just noticeable difference (JND)
28
sensory adaptation
Diminished sensitivity because of constant stimulation
29
visual system
the eye, providing us with info about the environment through sight
30
auditory system
sounds, providing us with info about the environment from our ears
31
place theory
- auditory - Theory that each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane.
32
opponent-process theory
- visual - Theory that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors
33
trichromatic theory
- visual - Theory that color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retina that are particularly sensitive to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths.
34
frequency theory
- auditory - Theory that the perception of a sound’s frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires.
35
definition of consciousness
awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal
36
what components are essential to consciousness
wakefulness and awareness
37
arousal
being engaged with the environment.
38
awareness
awareness of external events and internal sensations
39
automatic processes
States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities
40
executive function
Higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving
41
circadian rhythms
Daily behavioral or physiological cycles that involve the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level
42
REM sleep
A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement when most vivid dreams occur
43
5 stages of sleep
N1, N2, N3, R, W
44
insomnia
The inability to sleep.
45
narcolepsy
Involves the sudden, overpowering urge to sleep.
46
classical conditioning
a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and creates a similar response
47
operant conditioning
the consequences change the behavior
48
observational learning
Observational learning occurs when a person observes and imitates someone else's behavior.
49
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Produces no reaction
50
Unconditional Response (UR)
An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
51
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
a neutral stimulus creates a conditioned response
52
Conditioned Response (CR)
The learned response to the conditioned stimulus
53
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Produces a response without prior learning
54
Pavlov experiment
conditioning a dog to salivate at the ring of a bell.
55
extinction
The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
56
acquisition
The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus
57
little albert experiment
They conditioned Albert to be scared of small animals by making him associate a white rat with a loud noise.
58
counterconditioning
A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.
59
aversive conditioning
repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
60
the placebo effect
the participants’ expectations produce an experimental outcome.
61
reinforcement
The process by which a stimulus or an event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.
62
punishment
A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
63
negative punishment
The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
64
positive punishment
The presentation of a stimulus to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
65
negative reinforcement
The removal of a stimulus to increase a behavior.
66
positive reinforcement
the presentation of a stimulus to increase a behavior
67
encoding
The first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage.
68
divided attention
Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
69
sustained attention
The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
70
levels of processing
shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory.
71
elaboration
The formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at a given level of memory encoding.
72
recall
A memory task in which the person must retrieve previously learned information (ex. essays)
73
recognition
A memory task in which the person only has to identify (recognize) learned terms (ex. multiple choice test)
74
short-term memory
Limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer
75
long-term memory
A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time
76
memory storage
The retention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory.
77
sensory memory
Holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.
78
explicit memory
the recollection of information
79
implicit memory
Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience.
80
opponent-process theory
- visual - Theory stating that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors

PSY 100 (3 decks)

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