Exam 1 Flashcards
(204 cards)
1
Q
Model
A
a representation of a phenomenon, shows how a phenomenon works
2
Q
Transactional
A
simultaneous
3
Q
Process
A
communication is ongoing and dynamic
4
Q
Message
A
verbal and/or nonverbal stimuli and signals
5
Q
Channel
A
the medium through which a message passes from sender to receiver
6
Q
Systemic
A
the various parts affect each other
7
Q
Physical Noise
A
environmental interference (lawn mower)
8
Q
Physiological Noise
A
internal interference (stomach growling)
9
Q
Psychological Noise
A
mental interference (distracted)
10
Q
Context
A
culture, people, place, and time
11
Q
Theory
A
abstract system of concepts and their relationships that help us to understand a phenomenon
12
Q
Grand Theory
A
purport to explain all the communication in a manner that is universally true
13
Q
Mid-range Theory
A
explain the behavior of a specific group of people or try to explain the behavior of all people within a specified time or context
14
Q
Narrow Theory
A
attempt to explain a very limited aspect of communication: certain people in certain situations
15
Q
Concepts
A
words or terms for most important elements in a theory
16
Q
Nominal
A
non-observable concepts, exist in name only (ex. emotions)
17
Q
Real
A
observable concepts (ex. physical distance)
18
Q
Relationships
A
the ways in which the concepts are combined in a theory
19
Q
Explanation
A
some theories seek to offer reasons for or a cause of a particular phenomenon
20
Q
Understanding
A
some theories help us grasp or comprehend the meaning intended (or expressed) of a particular phenomenon
21
Q
Prediction
A
some theories seek to predict future outcomes
22
Q
Social Change
A
some theories seek to facilitate social change through criticism of current systems
23
Q
Scientific Method
A
a method of procedure which includes defining a problem, formulating a hypothesis, selecting a research method, collecting data, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions
24
Q
Perception
A
the active process of observing stimuli in the environment and making sense of it
25
First-order realities
physically observable qualities of a thing/situation (desk, whiteboard)
26
Second-order realities
involve attaching meaning to things/situation (desk and whiteboard = classroom)
27
Selection
attending to a stimulus from the environment
28
Organization
arranging info in a meaningful way
29
Punctuation
the determination of causes and effects in a series of interactions, deals with emphasis
30
Superimposing
placing a familiar structure over the unfamiliar, fillings in-the-gaps
31
Interpretation
attaching meaning
32
Negotiation
attempting to find shared meaning when sense-making
33
Narratives
the stories we use to describe our personal worlds
34
Standpoint Theory
a person's position in society shapes his/her view of society in general
35
Stereotyping
exaggerating beliefs associated with a categorizing system, fixed generalizations
36
Halo Effect
the tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one positive characteristic
37
Perceptual accentuation
a process that leads one to see what one expects or wants to see
38
Implicit personality theory
the system of rules that tells you which characteristics go with which other characteristics
39
Self-serving bias
judging oneself more charitably than others
40
Perception checking
a way to check and share your interpretations: describe behavior, provide 2 possible interpretations, request feedback/clarification
41
Empathy
the ability to recreate another person's perspective to experience the world from his/her point of view
42
Verbal communication
words
43
Symbolic
representative
44
Phonological rules
govern the way in which sounds are pronounced
45
Syntactic rules
govern the arrangement of language (sentence structure)
46
Semantic rules
govern the meaning of language
47
Pragmatic rules
govern the interpretation of language in terms of context
48
Subjective
biased
49
Objective
without bias
50
Denotative meaning
dictionary meaning
51
Connotative meaning
personalized meaning
52
Convergence
adapting speech to match others
53
Divergence
speaking in a way that emphasizes differences
54
Powerless Speech Mannerisms
hedges, hesitations, intensifiers
55
Sexist language
words that unnecessarily differentiate between females and males
56
Racist language
classifies members of one group as inferior or superior
57
Ambiguous language
consists of words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition
58
Relative language
gain meaning through comparison
59
Emotive language
conveys the sender's attitude
60
"I" Language
a statement that describes the speaker's reaction to another's behavior without making judgements
61
"You" Language
a statement that expresses judgement of another
62
"We" Language
implies both parties are involved and responsible for the issue
63
Common concepts of communication
perception, language, nonverbal, listening, climates
64
Basic needs for communication
basic needs/foundation of life, physical/health, identity/personal, social/relationships, practical/professional
65
Why we study communication
skilled communicator, understand others/life, perception checking, learn from relationship
66
Communication definition key words
process - symbols - meaning
67
Communication as an action model
linear model. One person is sending a message to someone else
68
Communication as an interaction model
At any given point, a person is either sending a message OR receiving a message
69
Communication as a transaction model
At any given point, a person is sending AND receiving a message
70
What are the 3 models of communication? Which is most accurate?
Action, interaction, transaction. Transaction is correct
71
Encoding
having thoughts then turning it into symbols. Sending a message
72
Decoding
someone taking a symbol and trying to make sense of it. receiving a message
73
Intrapersonal Communication
internal conversation with self
74
Interpersonal Communication (unique)
communication between 2 people that creates a unique and irreplaceable relationships
75
Group Communication (3-12ish people)
groups generally work in a context that is both relational and social
76
Organizational Communication (in a professional context)
activities of a society are collected and coordinated to reach the goals of both individuals and the collective group
77
Public Communication (audience is physically present)
speeches in general or giving a speech
78
Mass Communication (audience is not physically present)
watching someone through a video or social media
79
Intercultural Communication (differences)
know how to manage communication with how to act
80
Communication has both a ____ and ______.
content, relational component
81
Communication is not a _____
panacea (cure-all)
82
Abstract/abstraction
exist in thought, vague or unclear
83
The words or terms for the most important elements in a theory
concepts
84
Goals of Theory
explanation, understanding, prediction, social change
85
Arbitrary
based on random choice. not intrinsically (naturally) collected (ex. everyone's dog picture looks different)
86
Ambiguous
open to more than one interpretation. Equivocal. Does not have clear-cut, precise meanings
87
Equivocal terms
mean more than one commonly accepted meaning
88
Relative language
gain meaning through comparison
89
Low level of abstraction
is specific
90
High level of abstraction
not specific
91
Context
the people, place, time, and state of mind of a conversation
92
Climate
tone of a relationship
93
Concept
words/terms for the most important element in a theory
94
Relationship
the way the concepts in a theory combine
95
Content aspect
what is said: "i love you"
96
Speech Act aspect
intention (express gratitude)
97
Episode aspect
context (you cooked us dinner)
98
Relationship aspect
connection (dating couple)
99
Life Scripts aspect
how it has been done before (like previous episodes of a show)
100
Cultural Patterns aspect
beliefs, virtues (appreciation, gratitude)
101
Static evaluation
opinions will not changed (ex. always, never, is)
102
Euphemisms
pleasant substitutions for more blunt terms ("passed away")
103
a representation of a phenomenon, shows how a phenomenon works
Model
104
simultaneous
Transactional
105
communication is ongoing and dynamic
Process
106
verbal and/or nonverbal stimuli and signals
Message
107
the medium through which a message passes from sender to receiver
Channel
108
the various parts affect each other
Systemic
109
environmental interference (lawn mower)
Physical Noise
110
internal interference (stomach growling)
Physiological Noise
111
mental interference (distracted)
Psychological Noise
112
culture, people, place, and time
Context
113
abstract system of concepts and their relationships that help us to understand a phenomenon
Theory
114
purport to explain all the communication in a manner that is universally true
Grand Theory
115
explain the behavior of a specific group of people or try to explain the behavior of all people within a specified time or context
Mid-range Theory
116
attempt to explain a very limited aspect of communication: certain people in certain situations
Narrow Theory
117
words or terms for most important elements in a theory
Concepts
118
non-observable concepts, exist in name only (ex. emotions)
Nominal
119
observable concepts (ex. physical distance)
Real
120
the ways in which the concepts are combined in a theory
Relationships
121
some theories seek to offer reasons for or a cause of a particular phenomenon
Explanation
122
some theories help us grasp or comprehend the meaning intended (or expressed) of a particular phenomenon
Understanding
123
some theories seek to predict future outcomes
Prediction
124
some theories seek to facilitate social change through criticism of current systems
Social Change
125
a method of procedure which includes defining a problem, formulating a hypothesis, selecting a research method, collecting data, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions
Scientific Method
126
the active process of observing stimuli in the environment and making sense of it
Perception
127
physically observable qualities of a thing/situation (desk, whiteboard)
First-order realities
128
involve attaching meaning to things/situation (desk and whiteboard = classroom)
Second-order realities
129
attending to a stimulus from the environment
Selection
130
arranging info in a meaningful way
Organization
131
the determination of causes and effects in a series of interactions, deals with emphasis
Punctuation
132
placing a familiar structure over the unfamiliar, fillings in-the-gaps
Superimposing
133
attaching meaning
Interpretation
134
attempting to find shared meaning when sense-making
Negotiation
135
the stories we use to describe our personal worlds
Narratives
136
a person's position in society shapes his/her view of society in general
Standpoint Theory
137
exaggerating beliefs associated with a categorizing system, fixed generalizations
Stereotyping
138
the tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one positive characteristic
Halo Effect
139
a process that leads one to see what one expects or wants to see
Perceptual accentuation
140
the system of rules that tells you which characteristics go with which other characteristics
Implicit personality theory
141
judging oneself more charitably than others
Self-serving bias
142
a way to check and share your interpretations: describe behavior, provide 2 possible interpretations, request feedback/clarification
Perception checking
143
the ability to recreate another person's perspective to experience the world from his/her point of view
Empathy
144
words
Verbal communication
145
representative
Symbolic
146
govern the way in which sounds are pronounced
Phonological rules
147
govern the arrangement of language (sentence structure)
Syntactic rules
148
govern the meaning of language
Semantic rules
149
govern the interpretation of language in terms of context
Pragmatic rules
150
biased
Subjective
151
without bias
Objective
152
dictionary meaning
Denotative meaning
153
personalized meaning
Connotative meaning
154
adapting speech to match others
Convergence
155
speaking in a way that emphasizes differences
Divergence
156
hedges, hesitations, intensifiers
Powerless Speech Mannerisms
157
words that unnecessarily differentiate between females and males
Sexist language
158
classifies members of one group as inferior or superior
Racist language
159
consists of words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition
Ambiguous language
160
gain meaning through comparison
Relative language
161
conveys the sender's attitude
Emotive language
162
a statement that describes the speaker's reaction to another's behavior without making judgements
"I" Language
163
a statement that expresses judgement of another
"You" Language
164
implies both parties are involved and responsible for the issue
"We" Language
165
perception, language, nonverbal, listening, climates
Common concepts of communication
166
basic needs/foundation of life, physical/health, identity/personal, social/relationships, practical/professional
Basic needs for communication
167
skilled communicator, understand others/life, perception checking, learn from relationship
Why we study communication
168
process - symbols - meaning
Communication definition key words
169
linear model. One person is sending a message to someone else
Communication as an action model
170
At any given point, a person is either sending a message OR receiving a message
Communication as an interaction model
171
At any given point, a person is sending AND receiving a message
Communication as a transaction model
172
Action, interaction, transaction. Transaction is correct
What are the 3 models of communication? Which is most accurate?
173
having thoughts then turning it into symbols. Sending a message
Encoding
174
someone taking a symbol and trying to make sense of it. receiving a message
Decoding
175
internal conversation with self
Intrapersonal Communication
176
communication between 2 people that creates a unique and irreplaceable relationships
Interpersonal Communication (unique)
177
groups generally work in a context that is both relational and social
Group Communication (3-12ish people)
178
activities of a society are collected and coordinated to reach the goals of both individuals and the collective group
Organizational Communication (in a professional context)
179
speeches in general or giving a speech
Public Communication (audience is physically present)
180
watching someone through a video or social media
Mass Communication (audience is not physically present)
181
know how to manage communication with how to act
Intercultural Communication (differences)
182
content, relational component
Communication has both a ____ and ______.
183
panacea (cure-all)
Communication is not a _____
184
exist in thought, vague or unclear
Abstract/abstraction
185
concepts
The words or terms for the most important elements in a theory
186
explanation, understanding, prediction, social change
Goals of Theory
187
based on random choice. not intrinsically (naturally) collected (ex. everyone's dog picture looks different)
Arbitrary
188
open to more than one interpretation. Equivocal. Does not have clear-cut, precise meanings
Ambiguous
189
mean more than one commonly accepted meaning
Equivocal terms
190
gain meaning through comparison
Relative language
191
is specific
Low level of abstraction
192
not specific
High level of abstraction
193
the people, place, time, and state of mind of a conversation
Context
194
tone of a relationship
Climate
195
words/terms for the most important element in a theory
Concept
196
the way the concepts in a theory combine
Relationship
197
what is said: "i love you"
Content aspect
198
intention (express gratitude)
Speech Act aspect
199
context (you cooked us dinner)
Episode aspect
200
connection (dating couple)
Relationship aspect
201
how it has been done before (like previous episodes of a show)
Life Scripts aspect
202
beliefs, virtues (appreciation, gratitude)
Cultural Patterns aspect
203
opinions will not changed (ex. always, never, is)
Static evaluation
204
pleasant substitutions for more blunt terms ("passed away")
Euphemisms
