Exam 4

Question 1

purpose is socialization. AKA primary/social groups. Ex: family and peer groups of close friends

Answer 1

Intimate Groups

Question 2

purpose is getting things done. AKA secondary groups. Ex: decision-making groups, discussion groups, presentation groups

Answer 2

Task Groups

Question 3

3 or more people who have a common purpose, interact with each other, influence each other, and are interdependent

Answer 3

Group

Question 4

at least 3 people in a group that is small enough for members to perceive each other as unique individuals with interacting. May cap at 12 people, some say 6/7

Answer 4

Small Group

Question 5

a special kind of group characterized by different and complementary resources of members and by a strong sense of collective identity

Answer 5

Team

Question 6

used to study groups

Answer 6

Systems Theory

Question 7

what goes into a group. Ex: members, task/assignment, setting, other resources

Answer 7

Input Variables

Question 8

process variables. Ex: norms, rules, roles, language, nonverbals, listening behaviors, conflict/climate, leadership, etc.

Answer 8

Throughput Variables

Question 9

what the group produces. Tangible (reports) or intangible (feelings)

Answer 9

Output Variables

Question 10

often in work situations. members bring different strengths and complete tasks

Answer 10

Project Teams

Question 11

a team who can identify areas to improve within an institution

Answer 11

Quality Improvement Teams

Question 12

a group that can provide input on a product/idea (see what people think)

Answer 12

Focus Group

Question 13

generate a lot of possible ideas/solutions. Let the creativity begin, go wild with ideas

Answer 13

Brainstorming Group

Question 14

provide feedback/guidance

Answer 14

Advisory Group

Question 15

provides answers and makes decisions

Answer 15

Decision-Making Group

Question 16

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts (collaborative vitality)

Answer 16

Synergy

Question 17

the degree of closeness of group members

Answer 17

Cohesion

Question 18

a strong dislike of working with others, prefers to work alone

Answer 18

Grouphate

Question 19

an absence of critical thought. Want for unanimity overrides what’s best. Often happens in highly cohesive groups

Answer 19

Groupthink

Question 20

In group process, the accomplishments of the group tend to be more in both _____ and _____ than the output of the same people would have working separately

Answer 20

Quantity and quality

Question 21

3 reasons why working in groups is superior to working alone

Answer 21

Division of labor, increased individual energy/commitment, increased individual creativity

Question 22

individual and group agendas for the project. Sometimes there are hidden ones (ex. get revenge, secret crush)

Answer 22

Group Goals

Question 23

the different types of behavior performed by individual group members. Can be formal (designated) or informal (people’s individual strengths)

Answer 23

Group Roles

Question 24

Group norms are ____ and group rules are ____.

Answer 24

Norms = unstated, rules = stated

Question 25

3 types of leadership in small groups

Answer 25

Authoritarian (dictatorship), democratic (all are involved and valued), laissez-faire (hands off)

Question 26

6 steps of problem solving

Answer 26

define problem/unmet needs, establish criteria, brainstorm, select best solution, implement solution, follow-up on solution

Question 27

the process by which 3 or more members of a group exchange verbal and nonverbal messages in an attempt to influence one another

Answer 27

Small Group Communication

Question 28

a human group that has been deliberately designed so as to achieve a desired objective/goal. Usually has many participants

Answer 28

Organization

Question 29

the transmission of messages, through both formal and informal channels, of a relatively large, deliberately designed group, resulting in the construction of meanings that influence its members, both as individuals and groups

Answer 29

Organizational Communication

Question 30

introduce young people to and teach them about the ways and the requirements of society

Answer 30

Educational Institutions

Question 31

render order, predictability, and security in society

Answer 31

Government Institutions

Question 32

help people understand and try to influence the supernatural

Answer 32

Religious Institutions

Question 33

handle the production and distribution of goods and services for a society

Answer 33

Economic Institutions

Question 34

the oldest and most fundamental institution, handles the bearing and rearing of children

Answer 34

The Family Institution

Question 35

Key features of organizational communication

Answer 35

communication networks, links to external environments, and structure

Question 36

the formal and informal linkages that bring together organizational members when they communicate

Answer 36

Communication Networks

Question 37

organizations are affected by the context in which they reside: people, place, time, etc.

Answer 37

Links to External Environments

Question 38

provides predictability for members so they understand roles, procedures, and expectations. Most organizations rely on a hierarchical structure

Answer 38

Structure

Question 39

the ways of thinking, acting, and understanding work that are shared by members of an organization and that reflect an organization's distinct identity

Answer 39

Organizational Culture

Question 40

Communication alters culture, but

Answer 40

Culture also alters communication

Question 41

4 kinds of communication that convey organizational culture

Answer 41

Vocabularies, stories, rites & rituals, and structure

Question 42

the words used within an organization. Ex: hierarchical language, masculine language

Answer 42

Vocabularies

Question 43

help distinguish levels of status among members in an organization (cashier, clerk, sales representative)

Answer 43

Hierarchical Language

Question 44

use terms related to men's interests and experiences (home run, game plan, stir the pot)

Answer 44

Masculine Language

Question 45

the narratives shared within an organization. Humans are storytellers by nature. Includes corporate, personal, and collegial stories

Answer 45

Stories

Question 46

convey organizational values, legends, style, and history

Answer 46

Corporate Stories

Question 47

let others know how you see yourself/want to be seen

Answer 47

Personal Stories

Question 48

offer accounts of other members (informal)

Answer 48

Collegial Stories

Question 49

dramatic, planned set of activities that bring together aspects of cultural ideology in a single event (promotion, tenure, holiday parties, graduation, etc.)

Answer 49

Rite

Question 50

a regularly occurring form of communication that members perceive as familiar and routine parts of organizational life. Includes personal, social, and task rituals

Answer 50

Ritual

Question 51

individual routine behaviors

Answer 51

Personal Rituals

Question 52

affirm relationships between members

Answer 52

Social Rituals

Question 53

perform the job

Answer 53

Task Rituals

Question 54

help organize relationships and interaction between members of an organization. Includes roles, rules, policies, and communication networks (grapevine)

Answer 54

Structures

Question 55

a reliable informal communication network

Answer 55

Grapevine

Question 56

responsibilities/behaviors connected to a position

Answer 56

Roles

Question 57

patterned ways of interacting

Answer 57

Rules

Question 58

formal statements of practices (benefits, medical leave)

Answer 58

Policies

Question 59

a deliberately designed plan for the goals, norms, roles, ranks, and control in an organization

Answer 59

Bureaucracy

Question 60

Challenges of organizational communication

Answer 60

need to adapt to diverse situations, individuals, and needs. Managing personal relationships

Question 61

an enlarged and prepared conversation with an audience who is physically present

Answer 61

Public Communication

Question 62

preparation, organization, delivery, analysis

Answer 62

Stages of public communication

Question 63

fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication encounters

Answer 63

Communication Apprehension

Question 64

nervous in just about all communication encounters

Answer 64

Trait Anxiety

Question 65

nervous in specific or certain communication encounters

Answer 65

State Anxiety

Question 66

Ways to manage communication apprehension

Answer 66

positive visualization, cognitive restructuring, systematic desensitization

Question 67

see yourself performing confidently

Answer 67

Positive Visualization

Question 68

change how you think/approach speaking opportunities

Answer 68

Cognitive Restructuring

Question 69

the process of gradual exposure to reduce anxiety

Answer 69

Systematic Desensitization

Question 70

Audience analysis may include (3 factors):

Answer 70

demographics, psychographics, environmental

Question 71

traits of the audience. Includes age, gender, group membership, culture, etc.

Answer 71

Demographic Analysis

Question 72

addresses audience's thoughts (about speaker, topic, speaker covering a specific topic)

Answer 72

Psychographic Analysis

Question 73

examines the time of day of the speech, audience size, location, resources, or tools available for the speaker (microphone, visuals/technology, etc.)

Answer 73

Environmental Analysis

Question 74

to inform, to persuade, to entertain

Answer 74

General Purposes

Question 75

what a speaker exactly wants to accomplish with the audience. 4 main kinds

Answer 75

Organizational Pattern

Question 76

time/sequence

Answer 76

Temporal/Chronological Organizational Pattern

Question 77

geographic/physical space, proximity

Answer 77

Spatial Organizational Pattern

Question 78

presents the problem followed by a solution

Answer 78

Problem-Solution Organizational Pattern

Question 79

a subtopic of the subject understudy

Answer 79

Topical Organization

Question 80

includes transitions and sign-posts

Answer 80

Connectives

Question 81

phrases that connect main ideas/points

Answer 81

Transition

Question 82

signal an important aspect of the speech (can be a single word or phrase)

Answer 82

Sign-Posts

Question 83

speaker believability. Resides in the audience, not the speaker

Answer 83

Credibility

Question 84

before the speaker is seen (credibility)

Answer 84

Initial

Question 85

once the speaker is seen and throughout the speech (credibility)

Answer 85

Derived

Question 86

once the speaker is gone from sight (credibility)

Answer 86

Terminal

Question 87

speak with little to no preparation time

Answer 87

Impromptu Delivery

Question 88

write out speech and commit it to memory

Answer 88

Memorized Delivery

Question 89

read/write out speech and then read it to audience

Answer 89

Manuscript Delivery

Question 90

prepared speech, often use of notecards or outline. A flexible delivery style that combines the positive aspects of manuscript, memorized, and impromptu speaking

Answer 90

Extemporaneous Delivery

Question 91

listening. Examine self and others to improve

Answer 91

Analysis

Question 92

the process of creating shared meaning between the mass media and their audiences

Answer 92

Mass Communication

Question 93

books, magazines, newspapers

Answer 93

Print Media

Question 94

radio, TV, sound recordings, film, internet, video games

Answer 94

Electronic Media

Question 95

advertising (more control) and public relations (less control)

Answer 95

Media Industries

Question 96

messages are wholly accepted/received. Not true

Answer 96

Direct Effects/Hypodermic Needle/ Linear Model/ Magic Bullet Theory

Question 97

opinion leaders are more influential on a personal level than direct media messages. Mass Media -> Opinion Leader -> Individual in contact with OL

Answer 97

2-Step Flow

Question 98

effects of media exposure occur with repeated exposure over time

Answer 98

Cumulative Effect

Question 99

consumers are "active agents" who can choose what they want from media (information or pleasure)

Answer 99

Uses and Gratifications Theory

Question 100

media spotlights issues/events/people. Tells us what to think about

Answer 100

Agenda Setting Theory

Question 101

4 steps of agenda setting

Answer 101

selection, omission, priming, framing

Question 102

what is included in a report

Answer 102

Selection

Question 103

what is excluded in a report

Answer 103

Omission

Question 104

how much time is given to an issue/topic

Answer 104

Priming

Question 105

how points are emphasized/downplayed

Answer 105

Framing

Question 106

screen messages to help shape perceptions about events or people (like editors, authors, or broadcasters)

Answer 106

Gatekeepers

Question 107

the cumulative process by which TV helps foster beliefs about society (often incorrect). The more TV you watch, the greater the effect

Answer 107

Cultivation Theory

Question 108

reality matches the media narrative

Answer 108

Resonance

Question 109

becomes the norm. Stabilizing view of society

Answer 109

Mainstreaming

Question 110

belief that the world is a dangerous place

Answer 110

Mean World Syndrome

Question 111

the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and communicate messages

Answer 111

Media Literacy