exam 1 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
the accessory organs of the digestive system are
A
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
pancreas
2
Q
first act of digestion
A
mastication
3
Q
first motility pattern of the GIT
A
deglutition
4
Q
time in dogs for food to go from oral cavity to stomach
A
4-5 s
5
Q
oropharyngeal dysphagia due to
A
malfunction of pharynx and upper esophageal sphincter
6
Q
esophageal dysphagia due to
A
malfunction of esophagus
7
Q
regulatory center of energy homeostasis
A
hypothalamus
8
Q
hunger center
A
paraventricular nucleus; lateral hypothalamus
9
Q
satiety center
A
ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
10
Q
hunger stimulatory hypothalamic hormones
A
neuropeptide Y (NPY)
orexin
11
Q
hunger inhibitory hypothalamic hormone
A
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
12
Q
hunger stimulatory non-hypothalamic hormone
A
ghrelin
13
Q
hunger inhibitory non-hypothalamic hormones
A
cholecystokinin (CKK)
peptide YY (PYY)
leptin
insulin
14
Q
the major salivary glands are
A
parotid
mandibular
sublingual
15
Q
which parasympathetic nerves regulate saliva secretion
A
facial n.
glossopharyngeal n.
16
Q
contraction of myoepithelial cells to inc saliva secretion is stimulated by acetylcholine reaching ___ receptor
A
M3
17
Q
by the sympathetic system, the ___ regulate saliva secretion
A
3 first thoracal segments
18
Q
to stimulate saliva secretion, epinephrine and norepinephrine reach ___ receptors
A
a1
19
Q
5 main GI hormones
A
secretin
gastrin
CCK
GIP
motilin
20
Q
which hormone:
stimulates HCO3-
inhibits acid secretion
A
secretin
21
Q
what are secretin’s stimuli
A
acid
fat
protein
22
Q
which hormone:
stimulates acid secretion
A
gastrin
23
Q
what are gastrin’s stimuli
A
protein
high pH
24
Q
which hormone:
stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction
A
CCK
25
what are CCK's stimuli
fats
proteins
26
which hormone:
stimulates insulin secretion
inhibits gastric secretion
GIP
27
what are GIP's stimuli
fats
glucose
28
which hormone:
induction of intestinal motility during fasting
motilin
29
what is motilin's stimuli
acetylcholine
30
what parietal cell secretion is essential for vit. B12 absorption
intrinsic factor
31
enteroendocrine G cells secrete
gastrin
32
enteroendocrine D cells secrete
somatostatin
33
enteroendocrine I cells secrete
CCK
34
HCl stimulatory substances
gastrin
histamine
acetylcholine
35
HCl inhibitory substance
somatostatin
36
which cranial nerve regulates HCl secretion
vagus n.
37
neural regulation of HCl is mediated by
acetylcholine
38
hormonal regulation of HCl is mediated by
gastrin
somatostatin
39
paracrine regulation of HCl is mediated by
histamine
40
neural stimulation of gastric enzymes by
acetylcholine
noradrenalin
41
hormonal stimulation of gastric enzymes by
secretin
CCK
42
mucus secretion is stimulated by acetylcholine and ____, which can be blocked by NSAIDs
prostaglandin E
43
during which phase are gastric secretions stimulated before food enters the stomach
cephalic
44
during which phase are gastric secretions stimulated by the vagovagal reflex from the stomach
gastric
45
during which phase are gastric secretions stimulated by food entering the duodenum
intestinal
46
paneth cells of the small intestine secrete
antimicrobial enzymes and peptides
47
enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine secrete
CCK, secretin, GIP
48
Brunner's glands function to neutralize the acidic chyme to protect the small intestine mucosa; they also secrete ____
glycoproteins and HCO3-
49
functions of the liver include:
- carb metabolism
- amino acid/protein metabolism
- lipid metabolism
- storage
- synthesis/secretion of bile acids and bile
- biotransformation
- ______
- synthesis of components of the immune system
synthesis of hormones and mediators
50
plasma proteins synthesized by the liver include:
- albumins
- glycoproteins
- nonimmune a and b globulins
- complement factors
- ______
- coagulation factors
- lipoproteins
prothrombin and fibrinogen
51
which hormone produced by the liver is a prohormone resulting in angiotensin
angiotensinogen
52
which hormone produced by the liver is a growth factor
thrombopoietin
53
which hormone produced by the liver is produced in response to growth hormone
insulin like growth factor
54
which hormone produced by the liver works for iron homeostasis
hepcidin
55
what enzyme is important for drug metabolism
cytochrome p450
56
the gallbladder concentrates the bile through
electrolyte and water reabsorption
57
bile acids are synthesized from
cholesterol
58
inc AA and FA in the duodenum after a meal stimulates secretion of ____, which contracts the sm. m. of the gallbladder and relaxes the sphincter of oddi, leading to bile secretion
CCK
59
which protease once activated in the intestine, can activate the other zymogens
trypsin
60
pancreatic cells have receptors for
Ach, CCK, secretin
61
what is released during the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion
Ach
62
what is released during the gastric phase of pancreatic secretion
Ach
63
what is released during the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion
secretin and CCK
64
Ach and CCK stimulate the secretion of
enzyme and Cl rich fluid
65
secretin stimulates the secretion of
HCO3- rich fluid
66
insufficient production of digestive enzymes by the exocrine pancreas
pancreatic insufficiency
67
destroyed pancreatic acini due to autodigestion and replacement with connective tissue
pancreatitis
68
absorption of carbs is mediated by which Na-dependent transporter
SGLT1
69
GLUT5 and GLUT2 are req. for CHO absorption into the epithelial cell and blood, they are what type of transport
facilitated transport
70
why is emulsification of lipids important for their digestion
reduces the surface area allowing for binding of lipases
71
monoglycerides, FFA, cholesterol and liposoluble vitamins will form ____ to pass through the brush border
mixed micelles
72
where does the majority of water absorption take place
small intestine
73
how is Cl absorbed
by carriers and passes thru the paracellular pathway
74
how is K absorbed
in the sm. intestine thru the paracellular pathway
75
which vitamin D hormone is required for calcium absorption
calcitriol
76
how is Mg absorbed
Mg channels and paracellularly through tight junction holes
77
how is phosphate absorbed
through Na/Phosphate symporter
78
during the absorptive phase of digestion, ___ is released
insulin
79
during the post absorptive phase of digestion, ____ is released
glucagon
80
glucose transport into cells is mediated by insulin-induced ____
GLUT
81
what happens to pyruvate formed during glycolysis
ETC or fermentation to produce lactate
82
role of oxygen in the TCA
delivers reduced NADH and FADH2
83
role of oxygen in the ETC
bind to the protons to produce water - prevents free electrons in the mitochondria
84
production of glucose from non-sugar molecules such as amino acids, lactate and glycerol; occurs during a prolonged fast when hepatic stores are depleted
gluconeogenesis
85
important tissues for gluconeogenesis
liver and kidney
86
important substrates for gluconeogenesis
glycerol - glycerol phosphate
lactate - pyruvate
amino acids - oxaloacetate
87
main stores of glycogen
liver and skeletal muscle
88
pentose phosphate cycle utilizes ____ (no ATP) to produce ribose for nucleic acid
NADPH
89
NADPH is consumed by what 4 processes
fatty acid synthesis
steroid synthesis
drug metabolism
generation of superoxide in phagocytes
90
functions of NADPH
source of electrons
carry electrons to ETC
reducing enzyme cytochrome P450
respiratory burst in phagocytic cells
synthesis of NO
91
short and medium chain FA bind to ___, and travel through the portal system before reaching the liver
albumin
92
hormone precursor for fatty acids
prostaglandins
93
during a prolonged fast, ketone bodies are the result of excess acetyl CoA in the liver, which occurs from a reverse TCA step where oxaloacetate converts to ___
malate
94
where are most absorbed amino acids sent
urea
95
produce TCA intermediates and can enter the TCA yielding oxaloacetate
glucogenic amino acids
96
source of energy in muscle cells, after deamination are converted into a-ketoacids and can enter the TCA
branch chain amino acids
97
amino acid from BCAA metabolism that is used by the liver for gluconeogenesis
alanine
98
the formation of urea in the liver serves as a way to eliminate ___
ammonia
