exam 3 Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
glucose is reabsorbed using
A
sodium glucose transporters - 2dary active transport
2
Q
the low affinity SGLT is located in the
A
pars convoluta
3
Q
the high affinity SGLT is located in the
A
pars recta
4
Q
where does excess glucose go
A
urine (saturation)
5
Q
what level of glucose in the plasma will cause glucosuria by increased filtration and decreased reabsorption
A
> 10-15 mmol/L
6
Q
what is osmotic diuresis
A
water follows glucose in the tubular lumen - more urine is produced
7
Q
which are the long loops of henle that extend into the inner medulla
A
yuxtamedullary nephrons
8
Q
long loop nephrons are important for
A
urine concentration
9
Q
at the apical membrane of the thin descending limb, what is being reabsorbed
A
water via aquaporins
10
Q
how does the thin descending limb concentrate the tubular fluid
A
no ions are reabsorbed - NaCl remains in the tubular lumen
11
Q
the ascending limbs are impermeable to
A
water
12
Q
effect of NaCl being reabsorbed in the ascending limbs without water following
A
tubular fluid in mTAL becomes diluted
renal medulla becomes more concentrated
13
Q
fx of mTAL
A
dilute tubular fluid
maintain medullary hypertonicity
14
Q
transporter at apical membrane of mTAL for reabsorption of Na, K, Cl
A
NKCC
15
Q
in the mTAL, how do Ca, Mg, and Na get reabsorbed
A
paracellular diffusion
16
Q
how does a diuretic like furosemide work
A
inhibits NKCC - stops reabsorption of Na, Na remains in the lumen and water follows
17
Q
in the DCT, Ca is reabsorbed via
A
transcellular channels
18
Q
at the apical membrane in the DCT, Na and Cl are co-transported via
A
NCC
19
Q
NCC is inhibited by
A
thiazide diuretics
20
Q
what is reabsorbed in the late DCT and cortical collecting ducts
A
water via ADH dependent aquaporins
21
Q
how does ADH levels affect water reabsorption in the late DCT and cortical CD
A
high ADH = high water permeability and reabsorption
22
Q
what is reabsorbed in the inner medullary collecting ducts
A
urea
23
Q
transport systems at the apical membrane of the CD’s principal cells
A
ENaC - NaCl
ROMK - K
24
Q
fx of CD’s intercalated cell type A
A
secrete H
reabsorb HCO3
relevant in acidosis
25
fx of CD's intercalated cell type B
reabsorb H
eliminate HCO3
relevant in alkalosis
26
main reabsorption site for water
PCT
27
most Na is absorbed in the
PCT
28
effect of angiotensin II on Na
inc reabsorption in PT, TAL and DCT
29
effect of aldosterone on Na
stimulates ENaC reabsorption in CD
30
what metabolic abnormality stimulates aldosterone release
hyperkalemia
31
effect of ADH on Na
stimulates NKCC reabsorption in TAL
32
local inhibitors of Na reabsorption
NO
Endothelin-1
33
systemic inhibitor of aldosterone and renin to inc Na excretion
ANP
34
basolateral Na reabsorption in the PCT via
NaK ATPase
Na HCO3 symport
35
basolateral Na reabsorption in the ascending limbs of Henle's loop via
NaK ATPase
36
basolateral Na reabsorption in the DCT and CT via
NaK ATPase
Na Ca exchanger
37
fx of calcitonin
promotes Ca to bone for bone mineralization
38
low [Ca] in plasma stimulates
inc secretion of PTH
inc calcitriol via the kidneys
39
effect of vitamin D hormone calcitriol
stimulates Ca reabsorption by Ca channels in the intestine
40
where is 65% of Ca reabsorbed
PT
41
regulation of phosphate reabsorption in the kidney is mediated by
PTH
42
PTH inhibits apical phosphate transporters in the PT which has what effect
inc renal excretion of P - dec phosphate
43
why do hypocalcemic animals usually become hypophosphatemic as well
PTH is released during hypocalcemia
44
reabsorption of Ca in the PCT via
paracellular and solvent drag
45
reabsorption of phosphate in the PCT via
Na, PO4 symport
46
reabsorption of Ca in henle's loop via
paracellular
47
reabsorption of phosphate in henle's loop via
active and transcellular
48
apical reabsorption of Ca in DCT and CD via
Ca channels
49
basolateral reabsorption of Ca in DCT and CD via
Ca pump
Na, Ca exchanger
50
places of water reabsorption
PT
thin descending limbs of Henle's loop
CD
51
which part of the kidney has the highest osmolality
medulla
52
where and how is filtered urea reabsorbed
inner medullary collecting ducts
carrier mediated facilitated transport
53
water in the interstitium is reabsorbed by
vasa recta
54
effect of ADH absence on CD's water permeability
becomes impermeable - diluted urine
55
water deficit will activate osmoreceptors in the ___ to stimulate ADH secretion
hypothalamus
56
stretch sensitive cells of the bladder communicate with
spinal cord to CNS
57
SNS innervation on the bladder by
hypogastric n
NE on B3 receptors
58
SNS effect on bladder
relaxed detrusor m
contracted inner urethral sphincter
inhibition of micturition
59
PSNS innervation on the bladder by
pelvic n
Ach on M3 receptors
60
PSNS effect on bladder
contracted detrusor m
relaxed inner urethral sphincter
activation of micturition
61
somatic NS innervation on the bladder by
pudendal n
Ach on N receptors
62
somatic NS effect on bladder
contraction of external urethral sphincter
continence
63
cloacal content with urine is transported to the intestine via
antiperistaltic contractions
64
type of nephrons in birds that lack a loop of henle
reptillian type
65
in birds, the amount of blood entering the renal portal system is regulated by
renal portal valve - autonomic
sympathetic closed
parasympathetic open
66
in birds, N is excreted as
uric acid
67
some species of birds have ___ that empty their fluid into the nasal cavity
salt glands
68
water that is trapped in a specific organ and has a physiological purpose
transcellular water
69
principal ions in ECF
Na
Cl
HCO3
70
principal ions in ICF
K
Mg
phosphate
71
effect of ECF osmolality inc
hypertonic to ICF
water moves from cell to ECF
72
effect of ECF osmolality dec
hypotonic to ICF
water moves from ECF into cell
73
hormones that regulate fluid imbalances
ADH
aldosterone
ANP
74
as osmolarity inc, ADH release ____
increases
75
effects of ADH
stimulates water reabsorption - urine concentration
stimulates thirst center to inc intake
76
aldosterone is secreted by
adrenal cortex
77
role of aldosterone
determining rate of Na absorption in the kidneys
78
T or F: aldosterone secretion is influenced by Na concentration in plasma
F
79
what situations cause release of aldosterone
activation of RAAS
inc K ECF levels
80
ANP is released by
cardiac muscle cells
81
how does ANP reduce blood volume and BP
1. inc water loss
2. reducing thirst
3. blocking release of ADH
4. ____
stimulate peripheral vasodilation
82
causes of intracellular edema
1. depression of metabolic systems of cells
2. reduced nutrition of cells - ischemia
3. inflammation - inc vasc. permability
4. _____
hyponatremia
83
causes of extracellular edema
1. abnormal leakage of fluid from plasma
2. inc capillary pressure
3. dec plasma proteins
4. inc capillary permeability
5. _____
blockage of lymph return
84
carbonic anhydrase diuretics block
Na and HCO3 reabsorption
85
loop diurectics block
NKCC in TAL
86
thiazide diuretics block
Na Cl symport in DT
87
aldosterone antagonists diuretics block
ENaC - Na channel
88
amiloride diuretics block
Na channel directly in CD
89
how do loop diuretics keep the GFR
high - favors high diuresis
90
effect of diuretics
dec NaCl reabsorption
dec H2O reabsorption
dec ECF volume
91
secondary effects of loop diuretics
negatively impact reabsorption of Ca and Mg in TAL
92
secondary effects of loop and thiazide diuretics
inc K excretion in CD - hypokalemia
93
K sparing diuretics
aldosterone antagonists
amilorides
94
disease caused by a lack of ADH synthesis in the hypothalamus and release from posterior pituitary gland
diabetes insipidus centralis
95
disease when ADH is produced but cannot act in the kidney
diabetes insipidus renalis
96
what type of solution causes a cell to swell
hypotonic
97
effect of hypertonic dehydration
inc osmolality in ECF
water leaves cells
98
effect of isotonic dehydration
hypovolemia
99
effect of hypotonic dehydration
dec osmolality in ECF
water gets into cells - swells
100
effect of hypertonic overhydration - gain of electrolytes exceeds gain of water
inc osmolality of ECF
101
effect of isotonic overhydration
hypervolemia
102
effect of hypotonic overhydration - water intoxication - gain of water, no gain of electrolytes
dec ECF osmolality
103
where is the thirst center located
hypothalamus
104
thirst center is stimulated by
1. dec blood volume
2. dec BP
3. high angiotensin II levels
4. dry mouth
5. ___
high plasma osmolarity
105
normal physiological pH
approx. 7.4
106
normal body production of ___ can acidify the pH
CO2
metabolism of proteins
keto acids - fats
lactic acid - incomplete oxidation of glucose
107
3 systems that help maintain the acid base balance
buffers
respiratory system
kidney
108
which system reacts to small changes in pH, is fast acting and reversibly binds/releases H
buffers
109
which system reacts to large changes in pH, is slow acting and eliminates/retains H
kidney
110
what are the 3 buffers
bicarbonate
sodium
ammonia
111
the extent to which a weak acid dissociates and the resultant concentrations of H, base and un-dissociated acid
Ka
112
what does a higher Ka mean
the chemical can easily release H and make more acidic
113
the pH at which there are equal amounts of the weak acid and its conjugate base
pKa
114
what does a high pKa indicate
stronger ability to hold H; higher pH
115
requirements for an effective buffer
pKa within +/- 1 pH unit of the solution
sufficiently plentiful
116
optimal pKa for the body
6.4-8.4
117
a ratio of ___ HCO3:H2CO3 is required for effective buffering
20:1
118
the carboxyl group of a protein buffer (donates or binds) H
donates
119
the amino group of a protein buffer (donates or binds) H
binds
120
how does the lung adjust body pH
regulation of respiratory rate
121
limitation of the respiratory system as a pH regulator is ___
the body produces fixed acids, metabolic acids or nonvolatile acids which cannot be eliminated by respiration
122
urinary solutes that are filtered in base forms at the glomeruli and bind secreted protons in the tubule fluid
titratable acids
123
most important acid secreted by the kidney which is generated in the PT and is not filtered at the glomeruli as a base form
ammonium
124
T or F: plasma bicarbonate is freely filtered, meaning all of the filtered HCO3 is reabsorbed
T
125
____ is essential for acid secretion
renal portal system
126
how are urinary titratable acids generated
renal secretes H ions that bind to filtered buffers
127
which regions of the nephron largely reabsorb HCO3 and secrete H, but do not significantly change the pH of the tubular fluid
PT and TAL
128
which hormones regulate H excretion and HCO3 reabsorption at the PT and TAL
angiotensin II
glucocorticoid
PTH
129
which part of the nephron excretes urine with a pH different from plasma due to the intercalated cells
CD
130
which intercalated cell of the CD has a large apical surface and extensive membrane folds
type A
131
intercalated type A cells secrete
acid
132
H ATPase is stimulated by
angiotensin II
aldosterone
endothelin
133
acid secretion by type A cells is regulated by
H ATPase and KAE1
134
effect of acidosis on type A cells
inc acid secretion
135
intercalated type B cells secrete
HCO3
136
base secretion by type B cells is stimulated by
dietary restriction of NaCl or Cl
aldosterone analogs
angiotensin II
137
ammonium (inc or dec) when acid secretion is upregulated
increases
138
effect of ammonium being reabsorbed in the TAL
inc ammonium concentration in the medullary interstitium
139
where are ammonium ions excreted
CD
140
in which species are basal urinary ammonia excretion rates low and do not inc ammonia secretion during acidosis
rabbits
141
excess accumulation of CO2
respiratory acidosis
142
excess elimination of CO2
respiratory alkalosis
143
excess accumulation of fixed acids or elimination of buffer bases
metabolic acidosis
144
excess elimination of fixed acids or accumulation of buffer bases
metabolic alkalosis
145
causes of respiratory acidosis include:
1. damage of resp. control centers
2. resp. pump injury
3. _____
severe resp. dz that obstructs airways or stiffens the lungs
146
respiratory acidosis: compensatory changes by bicarb and non-bicarb buffers
inc HCO3
147
respiratory acidosis: compensatory changes by kidney
inc H and NH3 secretion
eliminate H in the urine
generate new HCO3
148
treatment of respiratory acidosis
restore alveolar ventilation
149
causes of respiratory alkalosis include:
1. stimulation of chemoreceptors by hypoxemia
2. over use of a ventilator
3. ____
stimulation of intrapulmonary receptors by lung injury
150
resp. alkalosis: compensatory changes by bicarb and non-bicarb buffers
dec HCO3
151
resp. alkalosis: compensatory changes by kidney
inc elimination of HCO3 by dec secretion of H and NH3
152
treatment of respiratory alkalosis
stop alveolar hyperventilation
153
causes of metabolic acidosis include:
1. inc in H production
2. failure of H elimination by kidney
3. ___
loss of buffer base - diarrhea
154
metabolic acidosis: compensatory respiratory changes
dec PCO2 by inc resp. rate
155
treatment of metabolic acidosis
IV fluid that contains buffers
restoration of depleted base by kidney
156
causes of metabolic alkalosis include loss of H by:
1. vomiting
2. right sided displaced abomasum
3. ____
hypokalemia - inc H secretion
157
metabolic alkalosis: compensatory respiratory changes
inc PCO2 by dec resp. rate
158
treatment of metabolic alkalosis
IV fluids w saline, K, HCl
cure the dz that caused it
159
what are the characteristics of hormones
amplification - sm. amt. = sig. effect
slow action
160
where are protein hormones synthesized
rough ER
161
where are protein hormones stored
secretory vesicles
162
what are steroid hormones synthesized from
cholesterol
163
where is cholesterol synthesized
liver
164
how is cholesterol stored within the cell
in a lipid droplet in ester form
165
T or F: steroid hormones are stored
F - immediately secreted
166
how are protein hormones transported in the plasma; why
in dissolved form - hydrophilic
167
how are steroid hormones transported in the plasma; why
with binding proteins - hydrophobic
168
how must hormones be in order to penetrate a target cell and elicit biological activity
free or unbound
169
how are steroids metabolized
reduced then conjugated with sulfates and glucuronides
170
T or F: steroids are excreted in the urine
T
171
where does steroid metabolism occur
mainly liver
172
how are protein hormones metabolized
reduction of disulfide bonds
cleaved by peptidases
173
where is the receptor located for hydrophobic steroid hormones
cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells
174
where is the receptor located for hydrophilic protein and peptide hormones
plasma membrane of target cell
175
what are the 3 characteristics of hormone receptor interactions
specific
high affinity
reversible
176
what can occur because of reversible binding between a hormone and its receptor
termination of hormone action by dissociation
177
what is another way that hormone action can be terminated
degraded or recycled by endocytosis
178
hydrophilic hormones require a
second messenger
179
2nd messengers for hydrophilic hormones include
cAMP
IP3
DAG
Ca
180
how is hormone production regulated
feedback regulation
circadian rhythms
181
before ovulation, is LH (positively or negatively) feedback regulated
positive
182
after ovulation is LH (positively or negatively) feedback regulated
negative
183
what are the 6 major hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and regulated by the hypothalamus
FSH
LH
TSH
GH
PRL (prolactin)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
184
of the 6 ant. pit. hormones, which are glycoproteins
FSH
LH
TSH
185
of the 6 ant. pit. hormones, which are somatomammotropins
GH
PRL
186
of the 6 ant. pit. hormones, which is proopiomelanocortin
ACTH
187
which hormone released by the hypothalamus regulates FSH and LH
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
188
FSH and LH target organs
testes and ovaries
189
TSH target organ
thyroid
190
hypothalamic hormones that regulate TSH
thyrotropin releasing hormone (+)
dopamine (-)
191
growth hormone target organ
liver
192
hypothalamic hormones that regulate GH
growth hormone releasing hormone (+)
growth hormone inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) (-)
193
prolactin target organ
mammary glands
194
hypothalamic hormones that regulate PRL
prolactin releasing factor (+)
dopamine (-)
195
ACTH target organ
adrenal glands
196
hypothalamic hormone that regulates ACTH
corticotropin releasing hormone
197
pituitary dwarfism is an autosomal recessive disorder that can occur in
german shepherds
198
acromegaly (hypersomatotropism) can occur in older cats due to
pituitary adenoma or hyperplasia
199
major hormones produced in the hypothalamus and released in the posterior pituitary gland
vasopressin - ADH
oxytocin
200
how is vasopressin synthesized
in cell bodies w/in the hypothalamus
carried by axon flow to the posterior lobe
201
stimuli for vasopressin secretion
dec blood volume
inc blood osmolality
202
fx and location of vasopressin receptor 2
kidney
retain water
203
fx and location of vasopressin receptor 1
blood vessels
vasoconstriction
204
stimuli for oxytocin secretion
stretch of cervix in late pregnancy
sucking at nipple
205
fx of oxtocin
contraction of sm. m.
myoepithelial cell contraction and milk ejection
206
hormones produced by the thyroid gland
T3, T4
calcitonin
207
fx of T3/T4
inc metabolic rate
208
what 2 molecules are important for synthesis of thyroid hormone
iodine
tyrosine
209
thyroid hormone synthesis is regulated by
hypothalamus (TRH)
anterior pituitary hormone (TSH)
210
T3 and T4 are (lipid soluble or lipid insoluble)
lipid soluble
211
T3 and T4 are transported in blood with
plasma proteins
212
T4 is transformed into T3 in the tissues (liver, kidney, muscle) by what enzyme
5'-monodeiodenase
213
which plasma protein is specific for T4/T3, high affinity, low capacity, and is in all domestic animals except cats
thyroxine binding protein
214
which plasma protein is specific for T4/T3 and has intermediate capacity between TBG and albumin
thyroxine binding prealbumin
215
the 3 mechanisms of thyroid metabolism are deiodination, formation of hormone conjugates and modification of the alanine moiety of the thyronine - which is the main mechanism
deiodination
216
where does the formation of hormone conjugates occur
liver
kidney
217
how do T3 and T4 execute their functions on a cell
bind intracellular receptors
218
low thyroid hormone, common in dogs
hypothyroidism
219
pathological findings of hypothyroidism
1. anemia
2. hypercholesterolemia
3. hypernatremia
4. ____
inc serum creatine phosphokinase
220
pathological findings of hyperthyroidism
1. inc BUN - catabolism of muscle
2. inc GFR
3. inc ALT and AST (liver hypermetabolism)
4. dec cholesterol
5. ____
inc circulating catecholamine
