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physiology II > final - new material > Flashcards

final - new material Flashcards

(118 cards)

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1
Q

hormones produced by the zona glomerulosa (adrenal cortex)

A

mineralocorticoids - aldosterone

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2
Q

hormones produced by the zona fasciculata (adrenal cortex)

A

glucocorticoids - cortisol

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3
Q

hormones produced by the zona reticularis (adrenal cortex)

A

gonadocorticoids - androgens

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4
Q

hormones produced by the adrenal medulla

A

catecholamines - epi and nepi

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5
Q

the adrenal cortex synthesizes its hormones from

A

cholesterol

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6
Q

aldosterone fx

A

retention of Na (reabsorption)
secretion of K and H

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7
Q

in what cells does aldosterone increase Na reabsorption and K secretion

A

principal cells

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8
Q

in what cells does aldosterone increase H secretion

A

alpha intercalated cells

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9
Q

secretion of aldosterone is controlled by

A

BP
tissue fluid [Na]
blood [K]

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10
Q

this hormone controls metabolism

A

cortisol

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11
Q

cortisol is regulated by

A

CRH and ACTH (+)
cortisol (-)

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12
Q

glucocorticoid secretion is increased by

A

stress

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13
Q

response to low dose dexamethasone suppression test in animals with hyperadrenocorticism (cushing’s)

A

no suppression

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14
Q

response to exogenous ACTH in animals with hyperadrenocorticisim (cushing’s)

A

exaggerated response

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15
Q

main cause of hyperadrenocorticism

A

pituitary tumor/hyperplasia

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16
Q

primary cause of hypoadrenocorticism (addison’s)

A

immune mediated destruction of adrenal cortex

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17
Q

secondary cause of hypoadrenocorticism (addison’s)

A

insufficient ACTH production in anterior pituitary

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18
Q

response to ACTH response test in animals with primary hypoadrenocorticism

A

baseline ACTH dramatically inc
subnormal response to ACTH - low cortisol

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19
Q

response to ACTH test in animals with secondary hypoadrenocorticism

A

baseline ACTH decreased
response to ACTH is diminished

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20
Q

who does hyperaldosteronism (conn’s) affect

A

older cats

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21
Q

causes of hyperaldosteronism

A

adrenal tumor hyper-secreting aldosterone
bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

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22
Q

alpha 1 receptors effects

A

vasoconstriction
pupil dilation
contraction of int. urethral sphincter

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23
Q

alpha 2 receptor effects

A

decreases NEPI released

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24
Q

beta 1 receptor effects
1. inc conduction velocity
2. inc heart contractility and SV
3. inc renin secretion
4. ____

A

inc HR and CO

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25
beta 2 receptor effects 1. inc aqueous humor prod. 2. bronchodilation 3. gluconeogenesis 4. detrusor m. relaxed 5. ____
vasodilation
26
insulin release is stimulated by
hyperglycemia
27
what receptor does insulin bind to stimulate glycogenesis in the liver
tyrosine kinase
28
most Ca is reabsorbed in the
PCT DCT ascending loop of henle
29
PTH is secreted by
chief cells of parathyroid gland
30
PTH is released in response to
low Ca/Mg EPI binding B-adrenergic receptor
31
effect of PTH on amorphous bone
transfer Ca across the osteoblast-osteocyte membrane
32
effect of PTH on stable bone
stimulates osteoblasts to secrete RANKL to activate osteoclasts
33
effect of PTH on kidney
dec phosphate reabsorption inc Ca reabsorption
34
active vitamin D is stimulated by
PTH and dec Ca
35
effects of active vitamin d
inc intestinal absorption of Ca inc reabsorption of Ca in PCT promote bone resorption
36
effects of calcitonin
inc excretion of Ca and phosphate inhibit osteoclasts inhibit Ca absorption in gut
37
twitch of the facial muscles that occurs when gently tapping the cheek in front of the ear; sign of hypocalcemia
chvostek's sign
38
involuntary contraction of the muscles in the hand and wrist that occurs after the compression of the arm with a BP cuff; sign of hypocalcemia
trousseau's sign
39
glucagon binds to its cell surface receptor and activates ___
cAMP
40
cAMP activates
protein kinase A
41
chromosomal sex is determined at
fertilization
42
gonadal sex is differentiated by the
SRY gene
43
MIF produced by the testes causes
regression of paramesonephric duct
44
in the F, sex cords produce
follicle cells
45
in the F, mesenchyme produces
theca cells
46
in the M, sex cords produce
sertoli cells
47
in the M, mesenchyme produces
leydig cells
48
what is the connection between the medullary cords and mesonephros in the M
wolffian duct
49
epididymis, vas deferens and urethra are differentiated from
mesonephros duct
50
production of ___ by the rete testis causes regression of the mullerian duct
anti-mullerian hormone
51
in the F, in the absence of testosterone, ____ gives rise to the oviduct, uterus, cervix and vagina
muellerian duct
52
testosterone is converted to DHT by
5a-reductase
53
where does final sexual differentiation take place? driven by what?
hypothalamus; testosterone
54
the aromatization of testosterone into estadiol in the hypothalamus is necessary to
inactivate the surge center
55
what reproductive hormones are steroid hormones and have an intracellular receptor
testosterone estrogen progesterone
56
estrogen is produced by
granulosa cells - ovary placenta adrenal cortex
57
progesterone is produced by
corpus luteum - ovary placenta adrenal cortex
58
testosterone is produced by
leydig cells - testes adrenal cortex
59
hypothalamus produces which reproductive hormone
GnRH
60
anterior pituitary produces which reproductive hormones
FSH LH
61
what cells does FSH bind to
granulosa cells
62
what cells does LH bind to
theca cells
63
early in the cycle, estradiol produces ___ feedback on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
negative
64
at midcycle, estradiol produces ____ feedback on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
positive
65
in the late follicular phase, ___ produces negative feedback on anterior pituitary
inhibin
66
GnRH is released by ____, in a pulsatile manner
tonic center
67
fx of surge center for ovulation in F
release high GnRH --> high LH pulse
68
theca cells bind LH and produce
androgens
69
granulosa cells bind FSH and produce ___ from androgens
estrogens
70
negative feedback relationship between prolactin and ____
dopamine
71
what causes meiosis I to continue in the oocyte until stopping again at meiosis II
LH peak
72
the dominant follicle is maintained by
inhibin release higher expression of FSH receptors
73
LH blocks the production of
oocyte inhibiting factor luteinizing inhibiting factor
74
luteolysis is mediated by
PGF2a
75
___ stimulates PGF2a secretion
oxytocin
76
48h after the end of luteal phase until estrus
proestrus
77
period of sexual receptivity
estrus
78
initial development of the CL
metestrus
79
period of mature phase of CL
diestrus
80
hormones important for testis descent
insulin 3 androgen
81
this hormone is important for the development of the gubernaculum
insulin 3
82
when does testosterone concentrations peak
following LH peaks
83
in the M, FSH is produced by
sertoli cells
84
in the M, LH is produced by
leydig cells
85
___ converts testosterone into estrogen in certain tissues
aromatase
86
high amounts of androgens in the seminiferous tubules and epididymis are maintained by
testosterone and DHT binding to androgen-binding protein
87
pheromone responsible for boar taint
androstenone
88
anabolic steroids have a ___ feedback on gonadotropin release
negative
89
role of interstitial tissue in spermatogenesis
leydig cells provide testosterone
90
communication with interstitial fluid and germinal pool - where spermatogonia go through mitosis
basal compartment
91
space between sertoli cells that communicates with the lumen - spermatocytes go through meiosis and become spermatids, then become spermatozoa
adluminal compartment
92
where does sperm maturation occur
epididymis
93
signal molecule for erection
NO
94
when is conception rate best for a cow
insemination 10 h before estrus
95
during sperm capacitation, ____ efflux and removal of glycoproteins from the surface membrane reduces binding affinity to the oviductal epithelium
cholesterol
96
directional swimming of sperm is mediated by
chemotaxis
97
what kind of receptors do sperm contain for chemotaxis
olfactory
98
sperm binding to zona pellucida induces
acrosome reaction
99
where does fertilization take place
ampullae
100
decreases number of oxytocin receptors in the uterus for suppression of PGF2a release
interferon tau
101
maternal recognition of pregnancy by
interferon tau chorionic gonadotropin
102
hormones produced by the placenta
progesterone estrogen relaxin placental lactogen
103
release of oxytocin during the passage of the fetus through the birth canal
ferguson reflex
104
myoepithelial cells respond to oxytocin for
milk letdown
105
the udder lacks ___ innervation
parasympathetic
106
stimulation of prolactin release is mediated by
VIP
107
precursor for de novo synthesis of FA in monogastric species
glucose
108
precursor for de novo synthesis of FA in ruminants
acetate and butyrate
109
lactose is synthesized in the
golgi
110
increase in ___ is stimulatory for avian reproduction
light
111
in birds, F1 preovulatory follicle is maintained by
progesterone
112
in birds, small ovarian follicles are maintained by
androgens and estrogens
113
binding and saturation of ____ is needed for transport of yolk components
gallus gallus basement membrane protein
114
LH surge in birds is induced by
progesterone
115
transport of oocyte down oviduct
infundibulum
116
formation of the albumin takes place in
magnum
117
formation of the outer and inner shell membranes takes place in
isthmus
118
formation of shell takes place in
shell gland

physiology II (4 decks)

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