Exam 1 Flashcards
(286 cards)
1
Q
what is crime?
A
behaviors that we have deemed to be unlawful as a society
2
Q
a conduct or failure to act in violation of the law forbidding or commanding it, and for which a range of possible penalties exist upon conviction
A
crime
3
Q
behavior in violation of the criminal code
A
criminal behavior
4
Q
offenses that do not require criminal intent
A
strict liability offenses
5
Q
psychology of crime and aggression/delinquency
A
forensic psychology
6
Q
personal theory that the world is a just place, where one gets what one deserves
A
just-world theory
7
Q
just-worlders have been shown to favor ___ and to be nonsupportive of many social programs
A
capital punishment
8
Q
considered to be adaptive and helpful in coping with dire circumstances to one’s life (“I get what I deserve”)
A
belief in a personal just-world
9
Q
more problematic belief because it is associated with less compassion for others and even a derogation of victims of crime
A
belief in a general just-world
10
Q
a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena
A
scientific theory
11
Q
a process whereby a scientific theory is tested through observation and analysis. if the process falsifies the theory, the theory must be revised to account for the observed events
A
theory verification
12
Q
the end result if any proposition of the theory is not verified
A
falsification
13
Q
theory of human behavior that emphasizes free will as a core concept
A
classical theory
14
Q
modern version of classical theory which proposes that people will avoid committing crime if the possibility of punishment is great enough
A
deterrence theory
15
Q
ex. of deterrence theory
A
surveillance cameras
16
Q
theory that argues prior experiences or influences determine present behavior (closely aligned with the idea of determinism)
A
positivist theory
17
Q
according to the positivist school, human behavior is governed by ____ and ____ is undermined
A
causal laws; free will
18
Q
three major theories of crime:
A
- conformity perspective
- nonconformist perspective
- learning perspective
19
Q
humans are born basically good and generally try to do the right and just thing (trying to conform to societal norms)
A
conformity perspective
20
Q
crime and delinquency occur when there is a perceived discrepancy between the materialistic values and goals cherished and held in high esteem by a society and the availability of the legitimate means for reaching these goals
A
strain theory
21
Q
who developed strain theory?
A
robert merton
22
Q
two aspects of strain theory:
A
anomie and innovation
23
Q
anomie
A
crime occurs when goals and ability to get there are incompatible
24
Q
innovation
A
acting in criminal ways to achieve a goal - “success through the back door”
25
this theory assumes that people are basically unruly - human beings will naturally try to get away with anything they can, including illegal conduct, unless social controls are imposed
nonconformist perspective
26
this theory contends that crime and delinquency occur when an individual's ties to the conventional order or normative standards are weak or largely nonexistent (the socialization that usually holds one's basic human nature in check is incomplete or faulty)
social control theory
27
who proposed social control theory?
travis hirschi (1969)
28
this theory proposes that crime and delinquency can be explained largely by deficits in self-control and self-regulation (also referred to as control theory)
general theory of crime
29
three ways to prevent children from becoming criminals in adulthood:
attachments
committed
involved
30
attachments
child grows up forming pro-social attachments with others (good role models)
31
committed
get the child to become committed to a pro-social goal (ex. college)
32
involved
commit to a goal and get involved (role model involvement, ex. community programs)
33
this theoretical position states that humans are born basically neutral and behaviorally a blank slate. what they become as individuals depends on their learning experiences, rather than innate predispositions
learning perspective
34
theory of crime that states that criminal behavior is primarily due to obtaining values or messages from others including, but not limited to those who engage in crime
-the critical factors include with whom a person associates, how early, and how personally meaningful the connections are
differential association theory
35
according to the differential association theory, criminal behavior is ____
learned
36
period between adolescence and adulthood when individuals may not have reached the psychological maturity associated with adulthood
emerging adulthood
37
agnew's perspective of strain
strain is an event or condition that is disliked by individuals
38
criminology
the multidisciplinary study of crime
39
the branch of criminology that examines the demographic, group, and societal variables related to crime
sociological criminology
40
the branch of criminology that focuses primarily on how individual factors lead to the acquisition and maintenance of criminal and other antisocial behavior
psychological criminology
41
the attitudes, beliefs, values, and thoughts that people hold about the social environment, interrelations, human nature, and themselves
cognitions
42
ex. of a cognition that involves distortions of social reality
prejudice
43
this approach often focuses on aggression and violent behavior
biological/neurological approach
44
this approach examines the changes and influences (risk factors) across a person's lifetime that contribute to the formation of antisocial and criminal behavior or, alternatively, that protect individuals with many risk factors in their lives
developmental approach
45
prosecutes crimes directed at people because of their race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability, gender, or gender identity
hate crime statistics act of 1990
46
in 2016, ___% of agencies required to report bias or hate crimes said that ___ such crimes occurred in their jurisdiction
88% ; 0
47
where in the united states are there the most hate groups?
the south
48
in 2018, the southern poverty law center reported there were ____ hate groups
953
49
groups whose beliefs or practices attack or malign an entire class of people, such as immigrants or members of a given race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation, or gender identity
hate groups
50
4 ex. of risk factors
poor nutrition, the loss of a parent, early school failure, or substandard housing
51
protective factors
influences that provide individuals with a buffer against risk factors
52
ex. of protective factors
a caring adult mentor, good social skills, and RESILIENCE
53
relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave in a particular way across time and place (basic building blocks of personality)
trait
54
internal or personality determinants of human behavior
disposition
55
the branch of criminology that focuses on individual aspects of behavior, particularly internal forces and unconscious drives
psychiatric criminology
56
three ways of measuring crime:
official police reports
self-report studies
victimization studies
57
two types of official police reports
uniform crime reports (UCR) and national incident-based reporting systems (NIBRS)
58
the FBI's system of gathering data from law enforcement agencies on the crimes that come to their attention and on arrests
uniform crime report (UCR)
59
the UCR consists of four data collections:
1. the national incident-based reporting system (NIBRS)
2. the summary reporting system (SRS)
3. the law enforcement officers killed and assaulted program (LEOKA)
4. the hate crime statistics program
60
the UCR program is the only major data source in which national data is broken down by _____
age, sex, race, and offense
61
crimes are divided into two major groups in the UCR
part I and part II crimes (index and non-index crimes)
62
part I crimes are broken up into two offenses:
violent offenses and property offenses
63
violent crime (part I) comprises four offenses:
murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault
64
simple assaults, forgery and counterfeiting, fraud, embezzlement, stolen property, offenses against family and children, sex offenses, drug abuse violations, gambling, and vandalism
property crimes (part II)
65
the UCR only lists what kind of data?
arrest data
66
UCR reports _____ rates
clearance rates
67
the proportion of reported crimes that have been "solved" through the arrest and turning over of at least one person for prosecution (also possibly through death of person about to be arrested)
clearance rate
68
which crime has the highest clearing rate?
murder
69
two problems with the UCR:
dark figure and hierarchy rule
70
dark figure
the number of crimes that go unreported (or crime occurs with no arrest)
71
how big is the dark figure?
~70-75%
72
hierarchy rule
only the most serious crime in a series is reported in the crime statistics
73
exception to the hierarchy rule
arson
74
this report details each single crime incident, as well as separate offenses within the same incident (victims, offenders, relationships between victims and offenders, arrestees, and property involved in crimes)
national incident-based reporting system (NIBRS)
75
NIBRS has two categories:
group A and group B
76
group A includes ____ serious offenses, such as arson, assault, homicide, fraud, embezzlement, larceny-theft, and sex offenses
46
77
group B includes ____ less serious offenses, such as passing bad checks, driving under the influence of alcohol, engaging in disorderly conduct, drunkenness, nonviolent family offenses, and liquor law violations
11
78
many researchers believe that ______ studies provide a more accurate estimate of actual offenses than do UCR or NIBRS statistics
self-report studies
79
self-report studies
people report their own criminal or otherwise antisocial activity to researchers
80
_____% of respondents admitted they had committed one or more offenses for which they might have received jail or prison sentences, with the average number of offenses for each person being 18
91%
81
most self-report studies focus on _____ rather than adult offending
delinquency
82
a self-report survey administered to high school students nationwide focusing on drug use and abuse
monitoring the future (MTF)
83
victimization surveys
national crime victimization survey (NCVS)
84
a government-sponsored survey of victims of crime, intended to collect data from the victim's perspective on crimes both reported and not reported to police
national crime victimization survey (NCVS)
85
crimes committed against persons by the current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends
intimate partner violence (IPV)
86
intimate partner violence is committed primarily against ____
women
87
black women are subject to intimate partner violence at a rate ____% higher than white women and approximately ____ times higher than the rate for women of other races
35% ; 2.5
88
juvenile delinquency depends on ____
age; not yet reached adulthood (~16-18 years old, but varies by state)
89
a class of illegal behavior that only persons with certain characteristics or status can commit (used almost exclusively to refer to the behavior of juveniles)
status offenses
90
ex. of status offenses
running away from home, violating curfew, buying alcohol, skipping school
91
violent crimes account for ____% of juvenile arrests
4%
92
juvenile crime rate peaked in 1990 and has been ____ ever since
decreasing
93
about _____ of all juvenile arrests are for ____ offenses
3/4 ; part II
94
____ ratio male to female general delinquency
5:1
95
____ ratio male to female violent delinquency
9:1
96
gathering data on juvenile offending is more ____ than data gathering on adult crime
imperfect
97
in 2017, the highest numbers of arrests were for ____, ____, and ____
drug abuse offenses, driving under the influence, and larceny-theft
98
clinical term reserved for serious habitual behavior, especially that involving direct harm to others
antisocial behavior
99
juvenile delinquency depends on ____
age; not yet reached adulthood (~16-18 years old, but varies by state)
100
various tracks individuals follow that lead to antisocial behavior
developmental pathways
101
characteristics or experiences that place children at risk of antisocial or criminal activity
risk factors
102
3 types of risk factors:
social risk factors
parental and family risk factors
psychological risk factors
103
personal characteristics or experiences that can shield children and adolescents from serious antisocial behavior
protective factors
104
ex. of protective factor
resilience
105
poverty, faulty or inadequate parenting, sibling influences, and child maltreatment or abuse
ex. of family risk factors
106
____ is a strong predictor of adolescent violence
poverty
107
baumrind's parenting skills (four styles of parenting)
authoritarian
permissive
authoritative
neglecting
108
intention of this parenting style is to shape and control the child's life
authoritarian
109
intention of this parenting style is to control; few restrictions
permissive
110
this parenting style is rational; applies reasonable restrictions
authoritative
111
this parent is detached and unengaged in their child's life
neglecting
112
ex. of family risk factor (negative correlation between divorce rates and SES)
"broken home"
113
____% of children in the US live in a single parent home (____% live with mother)
28% ; 88%
114
____'s relationship with the child and discipline is most important in terms of preventing delinquency
father's
115
inadequate cognitive and language ability, lack of empathy, poor interpersonal and social skills, and behavioral disorders
ex. of psychological risk factors
116
psychological risk factors are more _____ based
biologically
117
inadequate schools, toxic environments, and natural disasters
ex. of social risk factors
118
this model suggests that an accumulation of risk factors and insufficient protective factors lead to antisocial and criminal activity in children and adolescents (THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT RISK FACTORS IS IMPORTANT)
cumulative risk model
119
both the accumulation of risk factors and their interaction lead to criminal activity, in the absence of protective factors
dynamic cascade model
120
this model predicts that the greater the number of risks experienced by a child or adolescent, the greater the prevalence of mental health problems, cognitive deficits, and behavioral problems
cumulative risk model
121
who introduced the dynamic cascade model?
kenneth dodge and ann masten
122
this model underscores the INTERACTION among risk factors and their effect on outcomes over the course of development
dynamic cascade model
123
according to this model, a person's developmental skills or deficits enhance, affect, or determine the next skill or deficit along a life-course trajectory (SNOWBALLING)
dynamic cascade model
124
true or false: males are more likely than females to become seriously violent due to biological and socialization differences
true
125
approximately ____% of children in the US live in families that have incomes that fall below the federal poverty line
20%
126
among all children under 18 in the US, ____% are low income children. another ____% are poor
41% ; 19%
127
which groups live disproportionately in poverty?
black, hispanic, and native american
128
methods employed by parents to meet some specific goal they would like to have their children achieve
parental practices
129
seeming non-goal-directed approaches displayed by parents, although the goals may be implicit
parental styles
130
overly solicitous, hovering adults who try to oversee every detail of their children's lives, such as by excessive monitoring of their children's activities
helicopter parents
131
parents who adopt a "tough love" approach - very strict and places extremely high demands on the child, particularly as they relate to academics, but also as they relate to music, artistic, or sports activities
tiger parents
132
parents who attain things for their children by using their influence, sometimes illegally
snowplow, lawnmower, or bulldozer parents
133
ex. of bulldozer parent
pressuring a teacher to change a grade or a theater director to give their child a different role
134
ex. of tiger parent
demanding excessive amounts of piano practice hours from their child
135
this parent spends an unusual amount of her or his time in activities with the child
intensive parenting
136
parents are encouraged to slow down and relax, even in the midst of stressful or chaotic family situations
mindful parenting
137
parents encourage their children to roam (within limits) in order to encourage their independence and self-reliance
free-range parenting
138
parental style in which the parent takes extraordinary control of the child's life including imposing rigid rules and seeing even trivial, minor behaviors as problematic (typically results in harsh punishment, but inconsistent discipline)
enmeshed style of parenting
139
parental style that does not respond sufficiently to problematic or antisocial behavior in children but rather allows it to occur without disciplinary action (similar to permissive)
lax parenting style
140
supervision by parents of their children's activities
parental monitoring
141
poor ____ is a strong risk factor for delinquency
parental monitoring
142
_____ siblings can serve as protective factors, such as providing their siblings with positive role models or insulating them from bullying at school
older
143
a theory that states infants have a strong need to establish close emotional bonds with significant others in their social environments (emotional bond determines the quality of social relationships later in life)
attachment theory
144
statistic of white children who have experienced the incarceration of a parent
1 in 25
145
statistic of black children who have experienced the incarceration of a parent
1 in 4
146
is early or later rejection by peers one of the strongest predictors of later involvement in antisocial behavior?
early
147
true or false: almost any child is susceptible to the negative influences of participating in a deviant peer group
true
148
true or false: antisocial peer-rejected youths seek out greater contact with similar peer-rejected and socially unskillful peers
true
149
true or false: peer-rejected, antisocial children are drawn to deviant groups with members similar to themselves, and this encourages and amplifies already existing antisocial tendencies
true ; current research is in favor of this perspective
150
recent data indicate that over ____% of children under the age of 5 in the US are in some form of day care or nonparental care on a daily basis
60%
151
_____ appears to set up a cascading series of events that increase the risks of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive problems
early school failure
152
research indicates that retention or failure to be promoted in ____ and in the early school grades has long-term detrimental effects on mental and psychological development
kindergarten
153
_____ entry into kindergarten does not appear to have the same effects
delaying
154
the capacity to recognize the thoughts and feelings of other people (related but not identical to empathy)
theory of mind
155
theory of mind is dubbed ____
the ability to "read" others
156
deficiencies in ____ have long been considered characteristic of persistently aggressive and antisocial individuals
empathy
157
do girls or boys usually begin showing both dimensions of empathy earlier? (beginning in the second year of life and continuing at least through adolescence)
girls
158
what are the two dimensions of empathy?
affective and cognitive
159
studies have found that a deficiency in ____ (or emotional) empathy appears to be most strongly related to violence and persistent criminal behavior
affective
160
some research has shown a link between lack of empathy and _____
animal cruelty
161
there is a strong association between animal cruelty and _____
violent behavior toward humans
162
____% of school shooters were often cruel to animals
43%
163
the perspective that human characteristics, attributes, and traits can be measured and quantified
psychometric approach
164
a more contemporary designation of intelligence as measured by intelligence or IQ tests (however, the term is not yet widely used in comparison with "IQ")
psychometric intelligence (PI)
165
ADHD is characterized by three things:
inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
166
____ is the leading psychological diagnosis for American children
ADHD
167
approximately ___% of children and teens in the US have been diagnosed with ADHD
9%
168
boys tend to outnumber girls with a ratio of ____ in terms of ADHD diagnosis
3:1
169
about ____% of children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD receive medication for the disorder
93%
170
the ability to control one's behavior in accordance with internal cognitive standard
self-regulation
171
____% of gang members are male
90%
172
true or false: in the US, gang members are mostly minorities
true
173
____% of gang members are hispanic, ____% are black, and ____% are white
49% ; 35% ; 9%
174
which offenses are most common for gangs?
homicides and drug-related offenses
175
why are males more likely to be in gangs than females?
boys are more attracted to weaponry and guns than girls
176
ADHD contributes to ____ of serious antisocial behavior
1/4
177
ADHD is comprised of ___% boys
70%
178
issues with ____ (associated with ADHD) can lead to distraction and early school failure
self-regulation
179
a diagnostic label used to identify children who demonstrate habitual misdemeanor
conduct disorder (CD)
180
childhood conduct disorder (must be onset before which age?)
onset before age 10
181
adolescent conduct disorder
onset after age 10
182
____ of those who exhibit conduct disorder are boys
3/4
183
a cluster of behaviors characterized by persistent misbehavior, including bullying, fighting, using or threatening weapon use on others, physical cruelty to people or animals, destruction of property, chronic deceitfulness, sexual assaults, and serious violations of rules
conduct disorder
184
this type of interpersonal style can be attributed to conduct disorder
callous unemotional
185
overall, between ____% and ____% of children and adolescents in the US show behavioral patterns that may be diagnosed as a conduct disorder
2% and 10%
186
a rare psychological diagnosis in which a child has difficulty controlling behavior and emotions
oppositional defiant disorder
187
conduct disorders and oppositional defiant disorder are often classified as ____
disruptive behavior disorders (DBD)
188
Oppositional defiant disorder represents problems in self-control of ____ and ____ whereas conduct disorder represents more problems in control of ____
emotions and behavior ; behavior
189
angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness are characteristic of ____
oppositional defiant disorder
190
some kind of attachment disorder, biological predisposition
oppositional defiant disorder
191
age requirement for antisocial personality disorder
must be at 18, but showed conduct disorder before 15
192
psychologists who study the biological aspects of behavior to determine which genetic and neurobiological variables play a part, and to what extent
biopsychologists
193
examine the genetic and neuropsychological variables that play a part in criminal behavior
biopsychologists
194
the ability to control one's behavior in accordance with internal cognitive standards
self-regulated
195
although genetics and biological factors may play some role in criminality, the most important determinant of criminal behavior is _____
the social environment
196
higher-order mental abilities involved in goal-directed behavior
executive function
197
4 components of executive function:
organizing behavior
memory
inhibition processes
planning strategies
198
higher levels of cognitive processes that organize and plan behavior, execute goals, and appropriately manage risk
executive function
199
executive function is neurologically based and its development depends on growth within the ____
prefrontal cortex
200
the ____ is often referred to as the primary executive area
prefrontal cortex
201
can result from moderate to severe malnutrition, exposure to environmental neurotoxins, brain injury, and prenatal exposure to drugs, nicotine, and alcohol
executive function deficits
202
the ability to stay focused on a task and to shift focus when necessary
attention
203
the ability to suppress impulsive behavior that is goal incompatible
response inhibition
204
there is a significant relationship between deficits in executive functions and ____
antisocial behavior
205
the ability of the brain to change and develop new neural connections throughout life
neuroplasticity
206
the brains in children and adolescents have ____ neuroplasticity, whereas the adult brain has ____ plasticity with increasing age, but still has the ability to change and grow
enormous; less
207
this form of therapy focuses on facilitating change in one's cognitions and presumably changes in behaviors
cognitive-behavior therapy
208
mode deactivation theory (MDT)
a form of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)
209
who is MDT intended for?
children with comorbidity who were also resistant to alternative forms of treatment (those who have symptoms of two or more mental health problems)
210
what does MDT hypothesize?
the externalizing diorders displayed by adolescents are a function of their internalizing disorders (WHEN THEY ARE ANTISOCIAL OR COMMIT CRIMES, THEY DO SO BECAUSE THEY ARE TROUBLED)
211
examines thee role genes play in the formation and development of behavior (distinguishes genetic from environmental influences)
behavior genetics
212
studies the structure and function of genes at the molecular level
molecular genetics
213
branch of biology that investigates the relationship between genes and the environment in determining individual difference in behavior
behavior genetics
214
monozygotic twins (MZ)
identical twins
215
dizygotic twins (DZ)
fraternal twins
216
twins who develop from a single egg and share the same genes; also called monozygotic twins
identical twins
217
twins who develop from two different fertilized eggs; also called dizygotic twins
fraternal twins
218
monozygotic twins share ____% of their genes
100%
219
dizygotic twins share ____% of their genes
50% (similar to other siblings)
220
the outer membrane enclosing the embryo
chorion
221
____ of monozygotic twins are monochorionic (share the same chorion)
2/3
222
____ of monozygotic twins are dichorionic (two different chorions)
1/3 ; some identical twins develop in slightly different prenatal environments, which may contribute to some individual differences that may emerge as the twins develop into maturity
223
genes influence approximately ____% of the population variation in antisocial behavior
50%
224
an important concept in twin studies that refers to the prenatal and life experiences that are common to both twins
shared environment
225
ex. of shared environment
being raised by the same biological parents, prenatal environment, home
226
an important concept in twin studies that refers to the living experiences that are different for each twin
nonshared evironments
227
ex. of nonshared environments
being raised by different parents, interests/hobbies
228
____% - ____% of variation in antisocial behavior is attributed to shared environment
15% - 20%
229
____% of variation in antisocial behavior is attributed to nonshared environment
30%
230
a term used in genetics to represent the degree to which related pairs of subjects both show a particular behavior or condition (usually expressed in percentages)
concordance
231
concordance resemblance rates are ____% for MZ twins and ____% for DZ twins
51.5% ; 20.6%
232
Ongoing study of twins examining behavior and cognitions from early childhood through adolescence
Twins' Early Development Study (TEDS)
233
kids who are given up for adoption are more likely to have biological mothers who are ____ SES
low
234
adoption studies support the idea of a ____ component of crime
genetic
235
combination of ____ factors and ____ factors exert the greatest influence
genetic and environmental
236
adopted boys are more likely to resemble their ____ when it comes to criminality
biological father
237
gene that is believed to play an instrumental role in antisocial behavior, either preventing it, or in low form, contributing to such behavior
MAOA and MAOA-L gene
238
the study of the dynamic interactions between behavior and the autonomic nervous system
psychophysiology
239
the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary functions, such as heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, and digestion
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
240
autonomic arousal theory of crime hypothesizes that chronic offenders exhibit ___
chronic low levels of arousal of the ANS
241
fear builds morality through ____
socialization
242
these people have a low fear response
risk-takers
243
part of the brain that regulates fear and other emotional responses
amygdala
244
this part of the brain is crucially related to psychopathy and to the callous-unemotional traits that are often associated with people who engage in chronic antisocial activity
amygdala
245
psychopaths have an ____% reduction in size of the amygdala
18%
246
____ to the amygdala increases aggression, whereas ____ activates aggression
damage; electrical stimulation
247
two behaviors influenced by the amygdala:
aggression and fear response
248
a natural mood or disposition determined largely by genetic and biological influences
temperament
249
____ is more influenced by environment
personality
250
this child is characterized by high rhythmicity, positive moods, high approachability, high adaptability, and low intensity of mood expression
easy child
251
this child shows the opposite patterns of the easy child
difficult child
252
this child displays high activity, withdrawal from new stimuli and people, low adaptability, negative mood, and low intensity
slow to warm up child
253
broad spectrum term for a continuum of conditions that result from alcohol exposure in utero
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
254
neurocognitive dysfunction which predisposes individuals to antisocial behavior and violence
neurotoxins
255
what age of children are most vulnerable to neurotoxins?
the fetus and children less than 2 years of age
256
4 ex. of neurotoxins
lead (in paint and water)
cadmium
manganese
mercury
257
____ act as protective factors against neurotoxins
micronutrients
258
4 ex. of micronutrient trace elements
iron
zinc
calcium
selenium
259
high levels of ____ in the body have been linked to violent behavior
cadmium
260
3 primary ways in which cadmium enters the body
1. maternal smoking during pregnancy
2. postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke
3. exposure to smoke and particles from the burning of fossil fuels and the incineration of municipal and industrial waste
261
excessive exposure to ____ has been linked to poor attention, poor impulse control, and other neurological defects
manganese
262
excessive exposure to ____ may lead to aggression and violence
cadmium
263
exposure to ____ is associated with a variety of behavioral problems including ADHD, distractability, poor organization skills, and violence
lead
264
at high doses, ____ appears to damage wide areas of brain functioning
mercury
265
the evidence for the relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and antisocial behavior in children is quite strong for ____ but weak for ____
boys; girls
266
injury to the brain occurring either in utero, during birth, or at any time in a person's life and having a significant effect on functioning (sometimes used as an excusing or mitigating condition for violent behavior)
traumatic brain injury (TBI)
267
approximately ____% of the incarcerated population in the US is believed to have some evidence of TBI in their background
60%
268
some researchers suggest that as many as ____% of offenders meet the criteria for having incurred a TBI at some point
82%
269
the offending TBI link is especially strong if the brain dysfunction is located in the ____
frontal lobe
270
_____ committed by professional athletes might be explained (in part) by concussions experienced in the past
domestic violence
271
biochemicals directly involved in the transmission of neural impulses and without which communication would not be possible
neurotransmitter
272
a neurotransmitter in the nervous system that usually prompts the activity of neurons
serotonin
273
____ may play the most significant role in aggression and violence
serotonin
274
key modulator of emotional behavior and emotional regulation
serotonin
275
serotonin exists in large amounts in the ____
frontal lobe
276
three functions of the hypothalamus:
regulate aggression
regulate ANS (fight or flight)
sexual motivation
277
this part of the brain regulates behavior and emotion
prefrontal cotrex
278
lack of functioning in this part of the brain in a murderer
prefrontal cortex
279
reduction of volume in this part of the brain in people with antisocial personality disorder
prefrontal cortex
280
italian physician and father of modern criminality
cesare lombroso
281
subtle, abnormal, morphological features, such as deviations in morphology of the head, eyes, ears, mouth, hands, and feet
minor physical anomalies (MPAs)
282
polygenetic-environmental explanation
genes play a role, but not in isolation (environment matters)
283
physical traits indicative of abnormality that developed during fetal development
minor physical anomalies (MPAs)
284
____ number of MPAs = ____ risk for criminal behavior
increased; increased
285
____ number of MPAs = ____ risk for criminal behavior
increased; increased
286
brain damage does not have uniform behavioral consequences (hyperactivity, areas connected to low frustration tolerance and impulse control)
minimal brain dysfunction (MBD)
