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PSYC 5100 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is crime?

A

behaviors that we have deemed to be unlawful as a society

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2
Q

a conduct or failure to act in violation of the law forbidding or commanding it, and for which a range of possible penalties exist upon conviction

A

crime

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3
Q

behavior in violation of the criminal code

A

criminal behavior

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4
Q

offenses that do not require criminal intent

A

strict liability offenses

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5
Q

psychology of crime and aggression/delinquency

A

forensic psychology

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6
Q

personal theory that the world is a just place, where one gets what one deserves

A

just-world theory

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7
Q

just-worlders have been shown to favor ___ and to be nonsupportive of many social programs

A

capital punishment

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8
Q

considered to be adaptive and helpful in coping with dire circumstances to one’s life (“I get what I deserve”)

A

belief in a personal just-world

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9
Q

more problematic belief because it is associated with less compassion for others and even a derogation of victims of crime

A

belief in a general just-world

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10
Q

a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena

A

scientific theory

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11
Q

a process whereby a scientific theory is tested through observation and analysis. if the process falsifies the theory, the theory must be revised to account for the observed events

A

theory verification

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12
Q

the end result if any proposition of the theory is not verified

A

falsification

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13
Q

theory of human behavior that emphasizes free will as a core concept

A

classical theory

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14
Q

modern version of classical theory which proposes that people will avoid committing crime if the possibility of punishment is great enough

A

deterrence theory

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15
Q

ex. of deterrence theory

A

surveillance cameras

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16
Q

theory that argues prior experiences or influences determine present behavior (closely aligned with the idea of determinism)

A

positivist theory

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17
Q

according to the positivist school, human behavior is governed by ____ and ____ is undermined

A

causal laws; free will

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18
Q

three major theories of crime:

A
  1. conformity perspective
  2. nonconformist perspective
  3. learning perspective
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19
Q

humans are born basically good and generally try to do the right and just thing (trying to conform to societal norms)

A

conformity perspective

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20
Q

crime and delinquency occur when there is a perceived discrepancy between the materialistic values and goals cherished and held in high esteem by a society and the availability of the legitimate means for reaching these goals

A

strain theory

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21
Q

who developed strain theory?

A

robert merton

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22
Q

two aspects of strain theory:

A

anomie and innovation

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23
Q

anomie

A

crime occurs when goals and ability to get there are incompatible

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24
Q

innovation

A

acting in criminal ways to achieve a goal - “success through the back door”

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25
Q

this theory assumes that people are basically unruly - human beings will naturally try to get away with anything they can, including illegal conduct, unless social controls are imposed

A

nonconformist perspective

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26
Q

this theory contends that crime and delinquency occur when an individual’s ties to the conventional order or normative standards are weak or largely nonexistent (the socialization that usually holds one’s basic human nature in check is incomplete or faulty)

A

social control theory

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27
Q

who proposed social control theory?

A

travis hirschi (1969)

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28
Q

this theory proposes that crime and delinquency can be explained largely by deficits in self-control and self-regulation (also referred to as control theory)

A

general theory of crime

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29
Q

three ways to prevent children from becoming criminals in adulthood:

A

attachments
committed
involved

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30
Q

attachments

A

child grows up forming pro-social attachments with others (good role models)

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31
Q

committed

A

get the child to become committed to a pro-social goal (ex. college)

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32
Q

involved

A

commit to a goal and get involved (role model involvement, ex. community programs)

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33
Q

this theoretical position states that humans are born basically neutral and behaviorally a blank slate. what they become as individuals depends on their learning experiences, rather than innate predispositions

A

learning perspective

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34
Q

theory of crime that states that criminal behavior is primarily due to obtaining values or messages from others including, but not limited to those who engage in crime
-the critical factors include with whom a person associates, how early, and how personally meaningful the connections are

A

differential association theory

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35
Q

according to the differential association theory, criminal behavior is ____

A

learned

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36
Q

period between adolescence and adulthood when individuals may not have reached the psychological maturity associated with adulthood

A

emerging adulthood

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37
Q

agnew’s perspective of strain

A

strain is an event or condition that is disliked by individuals

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38
Q

criminology

A

the multidisciplinary study of crime

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39
Q

the branch of criminology that examines the demographic, group, and societal variables related to crime

A

sociological criminology

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40
Q

the branch of criminology that focuses primarily on how individual factors lead to the acquisition and maintenance of criminal and other antisocial behavior

A

psychological criminology

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41
Q

the attitudes, beliefs, values, and thoughts that people hold about the social environment, interrelations, human nature, and themselves

A

cognitions

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42
Q

ex. of a cognition that involves distortions of social reality

A

prejudice

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43
Q

this approach often focuses on aggression and violent behavior

A

biological/neurological approach

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44
Q

this approach examines the changes and influences (risk factors) across a person’s lifetime that contribute to the formation of antisocial and criminal behavior or, alternatively, that protect individuals with many risk factors in their lives

A

developmental approach

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45
Q

prosecutes crimes directed at people because of their race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability, gender, or gender identity

A

hate crime statistics act of 1990

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46
Q

in 2016, ___% of agencies required to report bias or hate crimes said that ___ such crimes occurred in their jurisdiction

A

88% ; 0

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47
Q

where in the united states are there the most hate groups?

A

the south

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48
Q

in 2018, the southern poverty law center reported there were ____ hate groups

A

953

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49
Q

groups whose beliefs or practices attack or malign an entire class of people, such as immigrants or members of a given race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation, or gender identity

A

hate groups

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50
Q

4 ex. of risk factors

A

poor nutrition, the loss of a parent, early school failure, or substandard housing

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51
Q

protective factors

A

influences that provide individuals with a buffer against risk factors

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52
Q

ex. of protective factors

A

a caring adult mentor, good social skills, and RESILIENCE

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53
Q

relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave in a particular way across time and place (basic building blocks of personality)

A

trait

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54
Q

internal or personality determinants of human behavior

A

disposition

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55
Q

the branch of criminology that focuses on individual aspects of behavior, particularly internal forces and unconscious drives

A

psychiatric criminology

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56
Q

three ways of measuring crime:

A

official police reports
self-report studies
victimization studies

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57
Q

two types of official police reports

A

uniform crime reports (UCR) and national incident-based reporting systems (NIBRS)

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58
Q

the FBI’s system of gathering data from law enforcement agencies on the crimes that come to their attention and on arrests

A

uniform crime report (UCR)

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59
Q

the UCR consists of four data collections:

A
  1. the national incident-based reporting system (NIBRS)
  2. the summary reporting system (SRS)
  3. the law enforcement officers killed and assaulted program (LEOKA)
  4. the hate crime statistics program
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60
Q

the UCR program is the only major data source in which national data is broken down by _____

A

age, sex, race, and offense

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61
Q

crimes are divided into two major groups in the UCR

A

part I and part II crimes (index and non-index crimes)

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62
Q

part I crimes are broken up into two offenses:

A

violent offenses and property offenses

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63
Q

violent crime (part I) comprises four offenses:

A

murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault

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64
Q

simple assaults, forgery and counterfeiting, fraud, embezzlement, stolen property, offenses against family and children, sex offenses, drug abuse violations, gambling, and vandalism

A

property crimes (part II)

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65
Q

the UCR only lists what kind of data?

A

arrest data

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66
Q

UCR reports _____ rates

A

clearance rates

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67
Q

the proportion of reported crimes that have been “solved” through the arrest and turning over of at least one person for prosecution (also possibly through death of person about to be arrested)

A

clearance rate

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68
Q

which crime has the highest clearing rate?

A

murder

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69
Q

two problems with the UCR:

A

dark figure and hierarchy rule

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70
Q

dark figure

A

the number of crimes that go unreported (or crime occurs with no arrest)

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71
Q

how big is the dark figure?

A

~70-75%

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72
Q

hierarchy rule

A

only the most serious crime in a series is reported in the crime statistics

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73
Q

exception to the hierarchy rule

A

arson

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74
Q

this report details each single crime incident, as well as separate offenses within the same incident (victims, offenders, relationships between victims and offenders, arrestees, and property involved in crimes)

A

national incident-based reporting system (NIBRS)

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75
Q

NIBRS has two categories:

A

group A and group B

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76
Q

group A includes ____ serious offenses, such as arson, assault, homicide, fraud, embezzlement, larceny-theft, and sex offenses

A

46

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77
Q

group B includes ____ less serious offenses, such as passing bad checks, driving under the influence of alcohol, engaging in disorderly conduct, drunkenness, nonviolent family offenses, and liquor law violations

A

11

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78
Q

many researchers believe that ______ studies provide a more accurate estimate of actual offenses than do UCR or NIBRS statistics

A

self-report studies

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79
Q

self-report studies

A

people report their own criminal or otherwise antisocial activity to researchers

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80
Q

_____% of respondents admitted they had committed one or more offenses for which they might have received jail or prison sentences, with the average number of offenses for each person being 18

A

91%

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81
Q

most self-report studies focus on _____ rather than adult offending

A

delinquency

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82
Q

a self-report survey administered to high school students nationwide focusing on drug use and abuse

A

monitoring the future (MTF)

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83
Q

victimization surveys

A

national crime victimization survey (NCVS)

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84
Q

a government-sponsored survey of victims of crime, intended to collect data from the victim’s perspective on crimes both reported and not reported to police

A

national crime victimization survey (NCVS)

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85
Q

crimes committed against persons by the current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends

A

intimate partner violence (IPV)

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86
Q

intimate partner violence is committed primarily against ____

A

women

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87
Q

black women are subject to intimate partner violence at a rate ____% higher than white women and approximately ____ times higher than the rate for women of other races

A

35% ; 2.5

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88
Q

juvenile delinquency depends on ____

A

age; not yet reached adulthood (~16-18 years old, but varies by state)

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89
Q

a class of illegal behavior that only persons with certain characteristics or status can commit (used almost exclusively to refer to the behavior of juveniles)

A

status offenses

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90
Q

ex. of status offenses

A

running away from home, violating curfew, buying alcohol, skipping school

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91
Q

violent crimes account for ____% of juvenile arrests

A

4%

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92
Q

juvenile crime rate peaked in 1990 and has been ____ ever since

A

decreasing

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93
Q

about _____ of all juvenile arrests are for ____ offenses

A

3/4 ; part II

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94
Q

____ ratio male to female general delinquency

A

5:1

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95
Q

____ ratio male to female violent delinquency

A

9:1

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96
Q

gathering data on juvenile offending is more ____ than data gathering on adult crime

A

imperfect

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97
Q

in 2017, the highest numbers of arrests were for ____, ____, and ____

A

drug abuse offenses, driving under the influence, and larceny-theft

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98
Q

clinical term reserved for serious habitual behavior, especially that involving direct harm to others

A

antisocial behavior

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99
Q

juvenile delinquency depends on ____

A

age; not yet reached adulthood (~16-18 years old, but varies by state)

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100
Q

various tracks individuals follow that lead to antisocial behavior

A

developmental pathways

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101
Q

characteristics or experiences that place children at risk of antisocial or criminal activity

A

risk factors

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102
Q

3 types of risk factors:

A

social risk factors
parental and family risk factors
psychological risk factors

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103
Q

personal characteristics or experiences that can shield children and adolescents from serious antisocial behavior

A

protective factors

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104
Q

ex. of protective factor

A

resilience

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105
Q

poverty, faulty or inadequate parenting, sibling influences, and child maltreatment or abuse

A

ex. of family risk factors

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106
Q

____ is a strong predictor of adolescent violence

A

poverty

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107
Q

baumrind’s parenting skills (four styles of parenting)

A

authoritarian
permissive
authoritative
neglecting

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108
Q

intention of this parenting style is to shape and control the child’s life

A

authoritarian

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109
Q

intention of this parenting style is to control; few restrictions

A

permissive

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110
Q

this parenting style is rational; applies reasonable restrictions

A

authoritative

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111
Q

this parent is detached and unengaged in their child’s life

A

neglecting

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112
Q

ex. of family risk factor (negative correlation between divorce rates and SES)

A

“broken home”

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113
Q

____% of children in the US live in a single parent home (____% live with mother)

A

28% ; 88%

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114
Q

____’s relationship with the child and discipline is most important in terms of preventing delinquency

A

father’s

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115
Q

inadequate cognitive and language ability, lack of empathy, poor interpersonal and social skills, and behavioral disorders

A

ex. of psychological risk factors

116
Q

psychological risk factors are more _____ based

A

biologically

117
Q

inadequate schools, toxic environments, and natural disasters

A

ex. of social risk factors

118
Q

this model suggests that an accumulation of risk factors and insufficient protective factors lead to antisocial and criminal activity in children and adolescents (THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT RISK FACTORS IS IMPORTANT)

A

cumulative risk model

119
Q

both the accumulation of risk factors and their interaction lead to criminal activity, in the absence of protective factors

A

dynamic cascade model

120
Q

this model predicts that the greater the number of risks experienced by a child or adolescent, the greater the prevalence of mental health problems, cognitive deficits, and behavioral problems

A

cumulative risk model

121
Q

who introduced the dynamic cascade model?

A

kenneth dodge and ann masten

122
Q

this model underscores the INTERACTION among risk factors and their effect on outcomes over the course of development

A

dynamic cascade model

123
Q

according to this model, a person’s developmental skills or deficits enhance, affect, or determine the next skill or deficit along a life-course trajectory (SNOWBALLING)

A

dynamic cascade model

124
Q

true or false: males are more likely than females to become seriously violent due to biological and socialization differences

A

true

125
Q

approximately ____% of children in the US live in families that have incomes that fall below the federal poverty line

A

20%

126
Q

among all children under 18 in the US, ____% are low income children. another ____% are poor

A

41% ; 19%

127
Q

which groups live disproportionately in poverty?

A

black, hispanic, and native american

128
Q

methods employed by parents to meet some specific goal they would like to have their children achieve

A

parental practices

129
Q

seeming non-goal-directed approaches displayed by parents, although the goals may be implicit

A

parental styles

130
Q

overly solicitous, hovering adults who try to oversee every detail of their children’s lives, such as by excessive monitoring of their children’s activities

A

helicopter parents

131
Q

parents who adopt a “tough love” approach - very strict and places extremely high demands on the child, particularly as they relate to academics, but also as they relate to music, artistic, or sports activities

A

tiger parents

132
Q

parents who attain things for their children by using their influence, sometimes illegally

A

snowplow, lawnmower, or bulldozer parents

133
Q

ex. of bulldozer parent

A

pressuring a teacher to change a grade or a theater director to give their child a different role

134
Q

ex. of tiger parent

A

demanding excessive amounts of piano practice hours from their child

135
Q

this parent spends an unusual amount of her or his time in activities with the child

A

intensive parenting

136
Q

parents are encouraged to slow down and relax, even in the midst of stressful or chaotic family situations

A

mindful parenting

137
Q

parents encourage their children to roam (within limits) in order to encourage their independence and self-reliance

A

free-range parenting

138
Q

parental style in which the parent takes extraordinary control of the child’s life including imposing rigid rules and seeing even trivial, minor behaviors as problematic (typically results in harsh punishment, but inconsistent discipline)

A

enmeshed style of parenting

139
Q

parental style that does not respond sufficiently to problematic or antisocial behavior in children but rather allows it to occur without disciplinary action (similar to permissive)

A

lax parenting style

140
Q

supervision by parents of their children’s activities

A

parental monitoring

141
Q

poor ____ is a strong risk factor for delinquency

A

parental monitoring

142
Q

_____ siblings can serve as protective factors, such as providing their siblings with positive role models or insulating them from bullying at school

A

older

143
Q

a theory that states infants have a strong need to establish close emotional bonds with significant others in their social environments (emotional bond determines the quality of social relationships later in life)

A

attachment theory

144
Q

statistic of white children who have experienced the incarceration of a parent

A

1 in 25

145
Q

statistic of black children who have experienced the incarceration of a parent

A

1 in 4

146
Q

is early or later rejection by peers one of the strongest predictors of later involvement in antisocial behavior?

A

early

147
Q

true or false: almost any child is susceptible to the negative influences of participating in a deviant peer group

A

true

148
Q

true or false: antisocial peer-rejected youths seek out greater contact with similar peer-rejected and socially unskillful peers

A

true

149
Q

true or false: peer-rejected, antisocial children are drawn to deviant groups with members similar to themselves, and this encourages and amplifies already existing antisocial tendencies

A

true ; current research is in favor of this perspective

150
Q

recent data indicate that over ____% of children under the age of 5 in the US are in some form of day care or nonparental care on a daily basis

A

60%

151
Q

_____ appears to set up a cascading series of events that increase the risks of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive problems

A

early school failure

152
Q

research indicates that retention or failure to be promoted in ____ and in the early school grades has long-term detrimental effects on mental and psychological development

A

kindergarten

153
Q

_____ entry into kindergarten does not appear to have the same effects

A

delaying

154
Q

the capacity to recognize the thoughts and feelings of other people (related but not identical to empathy)

A

theory of mind

155
Q

theory of mind is dubbed ____

A

the ability to “read” others

156
Q

deficiencies in ____ have long been considered characteristic of persistently aggressive and antisocial individuals

A

empathy

157
Q

do girls or boys usually begin showing both dimensions of empathy earlier? (beginning in the second year of life and continuing at least through adolescence)

A

girls

158
Q

what are the two dimensions of empathy?

A

affective and cognitive

159
Q

studies have found that a deficiency in ____ (or emotional) empathy appears to be most strongly related to violence and persistent criminal behavior

A

affective

160
Q

some research has shown a link between lack of empathy and _____

A

animal cruelty

161
Q

there is a strong association between animal cruelty and _____

A

violent behavior toward humans

162
Q

____% of school shooters were often cruel to animals

A

43%

163
Q

the perspective that human characteristics, attributes, and traits can be measured and quantified

A

psychometric approach

164
Q

a more contemporary designation of intelligence as measured by intelligence or IQ tests (however, the term is not yet widely used in comparison with “IQ”)

A

psychometric intelligence (PI)

165
Q

ADHD is characterized by three things:

A

inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

166
Q

____ is the leading psychological diagnosis for American children

A

ADHD

167
Q

approximately ___% of children and teens in the US have been diagnosed with ADHD

A

9%

168
Q

boys tend to outnumber girls with a ratio of ____ in terms of ADHD diagnosis

A

3:1

169
Q

about ____% of children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD receive medication for the disorder

A

93%

170
Q

the ability to control one’s behavior in accordance with internal cognitive standard

A

self-regulation

171
Q

____% of gang members are male

A

90%

172
Q

true or false: in the US, gang members are mostly minorities

A

true

173
Q

____% of gang members are hispanic, ____% are black, and ____% are white

A

49% ; 35% ; 9%

174
Q

which offenses are most common for gangs?

A

homicides and drug-related offenses

175
Q

why are males more likely to be in gangs than females?

A

boys are more attracted to weaponry and guns than girls

176
Q

ADHD contributes to ____ of serious antisocial behavior

A

1/4

177
Q

ADHD is comprised of ___% boys

A

70%

178
Q

issues with ____ (associated with ADHD) can lead to distraction and early school failure

A

self-regulation

179
Q

a diagnostic label used to identify children who demonstrate habitual misdemeanor

A

conduct disorder (CD)

180
Q

childhood conduct disorder (must be onset before which age?)

A

onset before age 10

181
Q

adolescent conduct disorder

A

onset after age 10

182
Q

____ of those who exhibit conduct disorder are boys

A

3/4

183
Q

a cluster of behaviors characterized by persistent misbehavior, including bullying, fighting, using or threatening weapon use on others, physical cruelty to people or animals, destruction of property, chronic deceitfulness, sexual assaults, and serious violations of rules

A

conduct disorder

184
Q

this type of interpersonal style can be attributed to conduct disorder

A

callous unemotional

185
Q

overall, between ____% and ____% of children and adolescents in the US show behavioral patterns that may be diagnosed as a conduct disorder

A

2% and 10%

186
Q

a rare psychological diagnosis in which a child has difficulty controlling behavior and emotions

A

oppositional defiant disorder

187
Q

conduct disorders and oppositional defiant disorder are often classified as ____

A

disruptive behavior disorders (DBD)

188
Q

Oppositional defiant disorder represents problems in self-control of ____ and ____ whereas conduct disorder represents more problems in control of ____

A

emotions and behavior ; behavior

189
Q

angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness are characteristic of ____

A

oppositional defiant disorder

190
Q

some kind of attachment disorder, biological predisposition

A

oppositional defiant disorder

191
Q

age requirement for antisocial personality disorder

A

must be at 18, but showed conduct disorder before 15

192
Q

psychologists who study the biological aspects of behavior to determine which genetic and neurobiological variables play a part, and to what extent

A

biopsychologists

193
Q

examine the genetic and neuropsychological variables that play a part in criminal behavior

A

biopsychologists

194
Q

the ability to control one’s behavior in accordance with internal cognitive standards

A

self-regulated

195
Q

although genetics and biological factors may play some role in criminality, the most important determinant of criminal behavior is _____

A

the social environment

196
Q

higher-order mental abilities involved in goal-directed behavior

A

executive function

197
Q

4 components of executive function:

A

organizing behavior
memory
inhibition processes
planning strategies

198
Q

higher levels of cognitive processes that organize and plan behavior, execute goals, and appropriately manage risk

A

executive function

199
Q

executive function is neurologically based and its development depends on growth within the ____

A

prefrontal cortex

200
Q

the ____ is often referred to as the primary executive area

A

prefrontal cortex

201
Q

can result from moderate to severe malnutrition, exposure to environmental neurotoxins, brain injury, and prenatal exposure to drugs, nicotine, and alcohol

A

executive function deficits

202
Q

the ability to stay focused on a task and to shift focus when necessary

A

attention

203
Q

the ability to suppress impulsive behavior that is goal incompatible

A

response inhibition

204
Q

there is a significant relationship between deficits in executive functions and ____

A

antisocial behavior

205
Q

the ability of the brain to change and develop new neural connections throughout life

A

neuroplasticity

206
Q

the brains in children and adolescents have ____ neuroplasticity, whereas the adult brain has ____ plasticity with increasing age, but still has the ability to change and grow

A

enormous; less

207
Q

this form of therapy focuses on facilitating change in one’s cognitions and presumably changes in behaviors

A

cognitive-behavior therapy

208
Q

mode deactivation theory (MDT)

A

a form of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)

209
Q

who is MDT intended for?

A

children with comorbidity who were also resistant to alternative forms of treatment (those who have symptoms of two or more mental health problems)

210
Q

what does MDT hypothesize?

A

the externalizing diorders displayed by adolescents are a function of their internalizing disorders (WHEN THEY ARE ANTISOCIAL OR COMMIT CRIMES, THEY DO SO BECAUSE THEY ARE TROUBLED)

211
Q

examines thee role genes play in the formation and development of behavior (distinguishes genetic from environmental influences)

A

behavior genetics

212
Q

studies the structure and function of genes at the molecular level

A

molecular genetics

213
Q

branch of biology that investigates the relationship between genes and the environment in determining individual difference in behavior

A

behavior genetics

214
Q

monozygotic twins (MZ)

A

identical twins

215
Q

dizygotic twins (DZ)

A

fraternal twins

216
Q

twins who develop from a single egg and share the same genes; also called monozygotic twins

A

identical twins

217
Q

twins who develop from two different fertilized eggs; also called dizygotic twins

A

fraternal twins

218
Q

monozygotic twins share ____% of their genes

A

100%

219
Q

dizygotic twins share ____% of their genes

A

50% (similar to other siblings)

220
Q

the outer membrane enclosing the embryo

A

chorion

221
Q

____ of monozygotic twins are monochorionic (share the same chorion)

A

2/3

222
Q

____ of monozygotic twins are dichorionic (two different chorions)

A

1/3 ; some identical twins develop in slightly different prenatal environments, which may contribute to some individual differences that may emerge as the twins develop into maturity

223
Q

genes influence approximately ____% of the population variation in antisocial behavior

A

50%

224
Q

an important concept in twin studies that refers to the prenatal and life experiences that are common to both twins

A

shared environment

225
Q

ex. of shared environment

A

being raised by the same biological parents, prenatal environment, home

226
Q

an important concept in twin studies that refers to the living experiences that are different for each twin

A

nonshared evironments

227
Q

ex. of nonshared environments

A

being raised by different parents, interests/hobbies

228
Q

____% - ____% of variation in antisocial behavior is attributed to shared environment

A

15% - 20%

229
Q

____% of variation in antisocial behavior is attributed to nonshared environment

A

30%

230
Q

a term used in genetics to represent the degree to which related pairs of subjects both show a particular behavior or condition (usually expressed in percentages)

A

concordance

231
Q

concordance resemblance rates are ____% for MZ twins and ____% for DZ twins

A

51.5% ; 20.6%

232
Q

Ongoing study of twins examining behavior and cognitions from early childhood through adolescence

A

Twins’ Early Development Study (TEDS)

233
Q

kids who are given up for adoption are more likely to have biological mothers who are ____ SES

A

low

234
Q

adoption studies support the idea of a ____ component of crime

A

genetic

235
Q

combination of ____ factors and ____ factors exert the greatest influence

A

genetic and environmental

236
Q

adopted boys are more likely to resemble their ____ when it comes to criminality

A

biological father

237
Q

gene that is believed to play an instrumental role in antisocial behavior, either preventing it, or in low form, contributing to such behavior

A

MAOA and MAOA-L gene

238
Q

the study of the dynamic interactions between behavior and the autonomic nervous system

A

psychophysiology

239
Q

the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary functions, such as heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, and digestion

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

240
Q

autonomic arousal theory of crime hypothesizes that chronic offenders exhibit ___

A

chronic low levels of arousal of the ANS

241
Q

fear builds morality through ____

A

socialization

242
Q

these people have a low fear response

A

risk-takers

243
Q

part of the brain that regulates fear and other emotional responses

A

amygdala

244
Q

this part of the brain is crucially related to psychopathy and to the callous-unemotional traits that are often associated with people who engage in chronic antisocial activity

A

amygdala

245
Q

psychopaths have an ____% reduction in size of the amygdala

A

18%

246
Q

____ to the amygdala increases aggression, whereas ____ activates aggression

A

damage; electrical stimulation

247
Q

two behaviors influenced by the amygdala:

A

aggression and fear response

248
Q

a natural mood or disposition determined largely by genetic and biological influences

A

temperament

249
Q

____ is more influenced by environment

A

personality

250
Q

this child is characterized by high rhythmicity, positive moods, high approachability, high adaptability, and low intensity of mood expression

A

easy child

251
Q

this child shows the opposite patterns of the easy child

A

difficult child

252
Q

this child displays high activity, withdrawal from new stimuli and people, low adaptability, negative mood, and low intensity

A

slow to warm up child

253
Q

broad spectrum term for a continuum of conditions that result from alcohol exposure in utero

A

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

254
Q

neurocognitive dysfunction which predisposes individuals to antisocial behavior and violence

A

neurotoxins

255
Q

what age of children are most vulnerable to neurotoxins?

A

the fetus and children less than 2 years of age

256
Q

4 ex. of neurotoxins

A

lead (in paint and water)
cadmium
manganese
mercury

257
Q

____ act as protective factors against neurotoxins

A

micronutrients

258
Q

4 ex. of micronutrient trace elements

A

iron
zinc
calcium
selenium

259
Q

high levels of ____ in the body have been linked to violent behavior

A

cadmium

260
Q

3 primary ways in which cadmium enters the body

A
  1. maternal smoking during pregnancy
  2. postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke
  3. exposure to smoke and particles from the burning of fossil fuels and the incineration of municipal and industrial waste
261
Q

excessive exposure to ____ has been linked to poor attention, poor impulse control, and other neurological defects

A

manganese

262
Q

excessive exposure to ____ may lead to aggression and violence

A

cadmium

263
Q

exposure to ____ is associated with a variety of behavioral problems including ADHD, distractability, poor organization skills, and violence

A

lead

264
Q

at high doses, ____ appears to damage wide areas of brain functioning

A

mercury

265
Q

the evidence for the relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and antisocial behavior in children is quite strong for ____ but weak for ____

A

boys; girls

266
Q

injury to the brain occurring either in utero, during birth, or at any time in a person’s life and having a significant effect on functioning (sometimes used as an excusing or mitigating condition for violent behavior)

A

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

267
Q

approximately ____% of the incarcerated population in the US is believed to have some evidence of TBI in their background

A

60%

268
Q

some researchers suggest that as many as ____% of offenders meet the criteria for having incurred a TBI at some point

A

82%

269
Q

the offending TBI link is especially strong if the brain dysfunction is located in the ____

A

frontal lobe

270
Q

_____ committed by professional athletes might be explained (in part) by concussions experienced in the past

A

domestic violence

271
Q

biochemicals directly involved in the transmission of neural impulses and without which communication would not be possible

A

neurotransmitter

272
Q

a neurotransmitter in the nervous system that usually prompts the activity of neurons

A

serotonin

273
Q

____ may play the most significant role in aggression and violence

A

serotonin

274
Q

key modulator of emotional behavior and emotional regulation

A

serotonin

275
Q

serotonin exists in large amounts in the ____

A

frontal lobe

276
Q

three functions of the hypothalamus:

A

regulate aggression
regulate ANS (fight or flight)
sexual motivation

277
Q

this part of the brain regulates behavior and emotion

A

prefrontal cotrex

278
Q

lack of functioning in this part of the brain in a murderer

A

prefrontal cortex

279
Q

reduction of volume in this part of the brain in people with antisocial personality disorder

A

prefrontal cortex

280
Q

italian physician and father of modern criminality

A

cesare lombroso

281
Q

subtle, abnormal, morphological features, such as deviations in morphology of the head, eyes, ears, mouth, hands, and feet

A

minor physical anomalies (MPAs)

282
Q

polygenetic-environmental explanation

A

genes play a role, but not in isolation (environment matters)

283
Q

physical traits indicative of abnormality that developed during fetal development

A

minor physical anomalies (MPAs)

284
Q

____ number of MPAs = ____ risk for criminal behavior

A

increased; increased

285
Q

____ number of MPAs = ____ risk for criminal behavior

A

increased; increased

286
Q

brain damage does not have uniform behavioral consequences (hyperactivity, areas connected to low frustration tolerance and impulse control)

A

minimal brain dysfunction (MBD)

PSYC 5100 (4 decks)

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