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micr 201 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Estimated age of the universe

A

13.7~ to 14 billion years

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2
Q

First appearance of heavier atoms

A

11-12 billion years

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3
Q

Age of our solar system

A

4~ billion years

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4
Q

Age of earth

A

4 billion years

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5
Q

Appearance of life of earth

A

3.7-4 billion years

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6
Q

Nucleosynthesis

A

the process of generating new atomic nuclei from pre existing nucleons, primarily protons and neutrons

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7
Q

Biologically important atoms

A

hydrogen, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, sulfur, oxygen, chlorine

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8
Q

Atom

A

simplest form of matter not divisible into simpler substances

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9
Q

Molecule

A

chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms

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10
Q

Compound

A

molecules that are combinations of two or more different elements

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11
Q

Covalent bonds

A

electrons are shared among other atoms, strong and stores energy

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12
Q

Ionic bonds

A

very strong but weak when dissolved in water

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13
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

weak but is a major force for shape of biological structures, weak bonds between hydrogen and other atoms

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14
Q

Hydrophilic

A

love water, dissolve in water

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15
Q

Hydrophobic

A

water fearing, repel water

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16
Q

Amphipathic

A

molecules have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic qualities

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17
Q

pH

A

if there are more floating protons or H+ its acidic, less makes it basic

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18
Q

Why is carbon so important, how many bonds does it form, what life related molecules have it

A

Can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds, Can form linear, branched, or ringed molecules, all life has carbon

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19
Q

Lipids

A

long/complex chains of C and H, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids, fats or oils

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20
Q

Proteins

A

made up of amino acids, attached via peptide bonds

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21
Q

Nucleic acids

A

made of ribose sugars, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate groups, look like 5 sided structures with offshoots

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22
Q

Carbohydrates

A

sugars and polysaccharides, usually contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, looks like chains of sugar units

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23
Q

What was the Miller Urey reaction trying to figure out

A

idea that life, or more specifically organic molecules, could have formed by nothing more than simple chemical reactions

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24
Q

Who was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A

father of microbiology, was the first to observe microorganisms, was a dutch linen merchant

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25
Hypothesis → theory → law/principle
If a hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence and survives rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence a theory. If evidence of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached, it becomes a Law or principle
26
Spontaneous generationan
an early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in non living or decomposing matter
27
Theory of abiogenesis
the natural process of life arising from non living materials
28
Germ theory of disease
Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and NOT by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc
29
Sterile
requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses
30
Aseptic techniques
a method used to prevent contamination with microorganisms
31
Edward Jenner
father of immunization, Tested methods of how humans could become immunized from small pox by using cowpox,
32
Know Koch’s postulates
1. Find evidence of microbes in every case of disease 2. Isolate the microbe from infected subject 3. Inoculate a healthy subject with isolated microbes 4. Observe same resulting disease, re-isolate microbe
33
What is resolution, smaller wavelength can help you see smaller objects
resolution is the ability to distinguish two adjacent objects. Shorter wavelength and larger numerical aperture will provide better resolution
34
Sizes of objects/scale (micrometers)
strand of hair 100µm, pollen 10-90µm, red blood cell 10-20µm, bacteria/archaea/prokaryotes 0.5-6µm, viruses 0.03-1µm
35
Optical vs electron microscope
electron forms an image with a beam of electrons, electron waves are times smaller than visible light, increased magnification and resolution power
36
Why staining a sample is helpful
reveals shape, size, and arrangement, gram +/-
37
Methodology of culturing microbes
Inoculation, incubation, Isolation, Inspection/information gathering, Identification
38
The physical states of media
broth, liquid that contains a solidifying agent, firm surface for colony formation
39
What is agar
A polysaccharide derived from seaweed/algae, Not digestible for most microbes
40
Streak plates
allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes
41
What is morphology
outer shape, internal structure
42
Culturing medium defined vs undefined
- undefined contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable. - Defined contains pure organic and inorganic compounds in an exact chemical formula
43
Culturing medium selective vs differential
- selective contains one or more agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of the desired microbes. - Differential allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes
44
Cocci
little spheres
45
Bacillus
rods
46
Vibrio
kind of rod shaped but more bean shaped
47
Spirillum
spiral shape but more rigid
48
Pleomorphism
Variation in cell shape and size within a single species
49
Flagella vs pili
- flagella can rotate 360o, functions in motility of cell through environment, has potential for anchoring. - Pili is a Rigid tubular structure, Found only in gram-negative cells, and its function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called conjugation
50
What is glycocalyx and its function
Coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and/or proteins. - Slime layer is loosely organized - capsule is highly organized and tight - Protect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss
51
What is cell membrane composed of
phospholipid bilayer
52
What is the fluid mosaic model
Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
53
gram positive
thick and strong cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan and cell membrane
54
gram negative
outer cell membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and cell membrane
55
What technique did Hans Christian Joachim Gram develop and whats it for
gram staining, distinguish two different groups of bacteria through staining
56
What is peptidoglycan and whats it made of
is the primary component of cell walls, Unique macromolecule composed of a repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments
57
What is the tree of life
organization of all organism by features
58
What's the classification order
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (dead kings play chess on fine grains of sand)
59
Organization of scientific names
genus then species. Genus capitalized
60
3 domains of the tree of life
eukarya, bacteria, archaea
61
How was the archaea group discovered, why are the special
called the ancients, they are like other prokaryotes but when analyzed they were different and had more similar “machinery” to us
62
RNA world hypothesis
suggests that life on Earth began with a simple RNA molecule that could copy itself without help from other molecules, coined by dr. carl richard woese
63
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
64
RNA
ribonucleic acid
65
Parts of sequence hypothesis
or the central dogma, DNA → transcription → RNA → translation → amino acids (proteins)
66
Ribosome
protein synthesis takes place
67
Codon
nucleotide triplets
68
Polypeptide
amino acids are attached with peptide bonds to form proteins
69
mRNA
carries DNA message through complementary copy
70
tRNA
made from DNA; secondary structure creates loops; bottom loop exposes a triplet of nucleotides called anticodon which designates specificity and complements mRNA; carries specific amino acids to ribosomes
71
Bases pair up
adenine → thymine, guanine → cytosine

micr 201 (3 decks)

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