Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

micr 201 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Currency of life

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DNA Pol III

A

DNA polymerase III, adds nucleotides in a 5′ to 3′direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Helicases

A

unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Replication fork

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

attached to nuclear envelope, rough due to ribosomes, proteins synthesized and moved into the ER for packaging and transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

without ribosomes, functions in nutrient processing, synthesis, and storage of lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies, stores, and packages proteins, and consists of a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles containing enzymes that originate from golgi apparatus, Intracellular digestion of food particles an in protection against invading microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vacuole

A

Membrane bound sacs containing particles to be digested, excreted, or stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mitochondria

A

Function in energy production, Consist of an outer membrane and an inner membrane with folds called cristae, Cristae hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration, Divide independently of cell, Contain DNA and prokaryotic ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis, Found in algae and plant cells, Outer membrane covers inner membrane folded into space, thylakoids, stacked into grana, Primary producers of organic nutrients for other organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments and microtubules form network throughout cytoplasm, Involved in movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid movement, transport, and structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ribosomes

A

Composed of rRNA and proteins, Scattered in cytoplasm or associated with RER, Larger than prokaryotic ribosomes, Reduction in protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Origin of mitochondria

A

They first appeared approximately 2 billion years ago, Evidence suggests evolution from prokaryotic organisms by symbiosis, Organelles originated from prokaryotic cells trapped inside them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Size difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Flagella

A

Long, sheathed cylinder containing microtubules, Covered by an extension of the cell membrane, 10x thicker than prokaryotic flagella, Function in motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cilia

A

Similar in structure to flagella, but shorter and more numerous, Found only on a single group of protozoa and certain animal cells, Function in motility, feeding, and filtering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and/or proteins. Slime layer is loosely organized, the capsule is highly organized and tight. Protect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Eukaryotic cell membrane

A

does not have peptidoglycan, Fungi have chitin or cellulose and a thin layer of mixed glycans, Algae - commonly include cellulose, pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Prokaryotic cell membrane

A

have peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 domains of life

A

eukaryote, prokaryote, archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

4 kingdoms of eukaryotes

A

protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fungi

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Protista

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Plantae
26
Animalia
27
Sizes of average virus compared to bacteria or yeast
28
What is virus capsid
protein coats that enclose and protect their nucleic acid
29
Capsid structure; helical
continuous helix of capsomers forming a cylindrical nucleocapsid
30
Capsid structure; icosahedral
20-sided with 12 corners
31
Nucleocapsid is what and has what in it
The capsid together with the nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA but never both
32
Capsomers are protein parts that assemble to form what
the capsid
33
Enveloped vs. naked
when a virus has an external covering it has an envelope, when it doesn’t its naked
34
Complex viruses; poxviruses
lack a typical capsid and are covered by a dense layer of lipoproteins
35
Complex viruses; bacteriophage
have a polyhedral nucleocapsid along with a helical tail and attachment fibers
36
DNA viruses
Usually double stranded but may be single stranded, Circular or linear
37
RNA viruses
Usually single stranded, may be double stranded, may be segmented into separate RNA pieces, ssRNA genomes ready for immediate translation are positive-sense RNA, ssRNA genomes that must be converted into proper form are negative-sense RNA
38
Polymerases
39
Replicases
40
Reverse transcriptase
41
Viral multiplication steps
absorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release
42
Absorption
binding of virus to specific molecules on the host cell, host range is the spectrum of cells a virus can infect
43
Penetration
genome enters the host cell. Either endocytosis = entire virus is engulfed and enclosed in a vacuole or vesicle. Or fusion = envelope merges directly with membrane resulting in nucleocapsid’s entry into cytoplasm
44
Uncoating
the viral nucleic acid is released from the capsid ******** rna?
45
Synthesis
viral components are produced
46
Assembly
new viral particles are constructed
47
Release
assembled viruses are released by budding (exocytosis; nucleocapsid binds to membrane which pinches off and sheds the viruses gradually; cell is not immediately destroyed) or cell lysis (nonenveloped and complex viruses released when cell dies and ruptures)
48
Cytopathic effects
virus-induced damage to cells. Ex. cell size and shape change, inclusion bodies, cell lysis, DNA is altered, and transformation into cancer cell
49
Persistent infection
cell harbors the virus and is not immediately lysed
50
Chronic latent state
Can last weeks or host’s lifetime; several can periodically reactivate
51
Oncoviruses
mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors, like Papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus
52
Lysogeny
Lysogeny results in the spread of the virus without killing the host cell, silent virus infection. Prophage - viral DNA inserted into host genome, Induction - activation of prophage in a lysogenic cell, Lysogenic conversion - prophage generate toxins or enzymes that case pathology
53
What does CRISPR stand for
Clustered, Regularly, Interspaced, Short, Palindromic, Repeats
54
CRISPR steps
55
Metabolic needs of all living things on earth
carbon source, energy source, electron sink (waste), and carbon sink (waste)
56
Examples of humans metabolic needs
carbon source = candy bar (sugar), energy source = candy bar (sugar), electron source = candy bar (sugar), electron sink = oxygen
57
Growth curve
lag phase = flatish adjustment period, exponential growth/log phase = maximum growth, stationary phase = rate of cell growth equals rate of cell death its flattening out, death phase = it dies out
58
How generation time works
ex. If it takes 30 minutes, 1 cell becomes 2 in 30 minutes, 2 become 4 in another 30 minutes and so on
59
What is turbidity
cloudiness in a liquid growth medium, indicates growth of an organism
60
Metabolism
all chemical and physical workings of a cell
61
Catabolism
“breaks down”, degradative; breaks the bonds of larger molecules forming smaller molecules; releases energy
62
Anabolism
“building up”, biosynthesis; process that forms larger macromolecules from smaller molecules; requires energy input
63
What do enzymes do
biological catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the energy of activation
64
Energy of activation
resistance to a reaction
65
Activity
the measure of an enzyme’s ability to do work
66
Substrate
Enzyme promotes a reaction by serving as a physical site for specific substrate molecules to position
67
Cofactors
enzymes are made up of protein but the non protein portions are cofactors like organic molecules or vitamins, act as carriers to assist the enzyme in its activity
68
Extracellular
transported to the outside of a cell, Typically for the purpose of breaking down large food molecules, Detoxifying harmful chemicals
69
Intracellular
function to keep the cell in operation, Most enzymes are intracellular
70
Constitutive enzymes
always present, always produced in equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of the amount of substrate “housekeeping genes”
71
Regulated enzymes
not constantly present; production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in the substrate concentration
72
Labile
chemically unstable enzymes
73
Denaturation
weak bonds that maintain the shape of the apoenzyme are broken
74
Competitive inhibition
substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site, ex from in class with drinking alcohol because of X bacteria
75
Noncompetitive inhibition
enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate away from the active site
76
Enzyme repression
inhibits at the genetic level by controlling synthesis of key enzymes
77
Enzyme induction
enzymes are made only when suitable substrates are present
78
Aerobic respiration
79
All enzymes are ____, not all proteins are ______
protiens then enzymes

micr 201 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions