final exam Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
which stage of growth for a
microbial culture describes when the
microorganisms are ceasing to grow
further, but do not start decreasing in
numbers?
A
Stationary phase
-the flattening of the line on the graph
2
Q
this stage of growth is the
maximum rate the microorganism can
grow under the current growth conditions.
A
Exponential phase/log phase
- the steep part of slope of line
3
Q
If a doubling time of a microorganism is calculated to be x hours, what does this mean
A
The microorganism doubles in population every x hours
4
Q
The sugar phosphate backbone of DNA is connected by what type of bonds?
A
Covalent bond
5
Q
what is vibrio
morphology look like?
A
like a bean or crescent shape
6
Q
describe to be a spirillum/spirochete morphology
A
spirals or squiggles
7
Q
what does cocci morphology look like?
A
circles
8
Q
what does bacillus morphology look like
A
rods or pill shapes
9
Q
Which is NOT a type of microscopy visualization
A
gamma positron
10
Q
what structure is likely to taste sweet,
like a sugar? (carbohydrate)
A
a sugar molecule (saccharide)
has oxygen and hydrogens
in small unit in a flattened looking diamond
11
Q
what structure is most likely found in the
bi-lipid layer membrane of a cell (lipid)
A
a lipid
have long chains of carbon and hydrogen
and a phosphate head
12
Q
which molecule is found in the DNA molecule (nucleic acids)
A
nucleic acid, which is made of amino acids
has nitrogenous base
has those basic chemistry shape units
13
Q
what does the structure of a protein look like
A
built of amino acids by peptide bonds
carbon centers
14
Q
are any of the carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, or lipids a single atom compared to a molecule
A
no, they are macromolecules
15
Q
The technique you learned in lab, transferring undefined rich medium from one tube to another without
generating a contaminated sample by putting microbes in it, is called what
A
aseptic technique
16
Q
The methodology of culturing and isolating a single microbe from any environment is
A
Sample environment, inoculate media with sample, incubation, isolation, inspection/information
gathering, identification
17
Q
what are are Dr. Robert Koch’s postulates
A
Find evidence of microbe in erie case of disease
Isolate the microbe from infected subject
Inoculate a healthy subject with isolated microbe
Observe same resulting disease, re isolate microbe
18
Q
What would the complimentary DNA sequence be to this sequence: ATTGCTGAA
A
TAACGACTT
adenine goes to thymine
guanine goes to cytosine
19
Q
What is the proper way to type out the name of a microorganism using a word processor
A
first name is capitalized the second word lower case
the whole name is italicized
ex. Methanothermus autotrophicum
20
Q
What is the relative age when life appeared on Earth
A
3,000,000,000 years ago (3 billion)
21
Q
This microbiologist from history is credited with disproving the hypothesis of spontaneous generation
A
Louis Pasteur
22
Q
An organism that can grow with or without oxygen can be described as an
A
Facultative aerobe
23
Q
The element carbon is an essential atom for all life on Earth, what are some of the reasons for this?
A
Carbon is found in DNA/RNA and sugars
It can form 4 covalent bonds
Carbon is found in amino acids and lipids
24
Q
A theory is considered a more robust explanation of observed phenomena than a hypothesis, why
A
More experimentation has been conducted whose results support the observation
25
The glycocalyx is a structure that can be located where on the cell?
Outside the cell wall as a capsid or slime layer
26
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a linen merchant, is considered the ‘father of microbiology’ because he
developed the very first, what
microscope
27
whats a selective plate
plate that inhibits growth of some microbes and encourage growth of the desired microbes
28
what is a differential plate
allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes
ex. by dye color
29
In microscopy, even though objects are small, there is still a difference in size. Select the arrangement of
items from smallest to largest:
Virus, bacterium, eukaryotic cell, human hair
30
whats the central dogma
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ---- transcription----> ribonucleic acid (RNA) ----translation----> protein
31
Molecular classification of microbial life on earth has been upgraded from physical observations to
using what?
16S rRNA gene sequence
32
The genes coded in the DNA are important, why
They are the blueprints to make proteins or RNAs
33
A bacterial cell attempting to swim away from a predator would be most successful using a
Flagella
34
Nucleosynthesis describes the generation of heavier atoms from hydrogen (T/F)
true
35
All bacteria cause disease. (T/F)
false
36
The Gram stain determines the presence or absence of deoxyribonucleic acid (T/F)
false
37
The Miller/Urey reaction attempted to see if biologically relevant molecules could be
generated from known simple early Earth chemicals (T/F)
true
38
There are four domains of life Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea, and Thaumarcheoda (T/F)
false
39
Dr. Edward Jenner is known as ‘the father of immunology’ (T/F)
true
40
Dr. Carl Woese proposed the RNA world hypothesis (T/F)
true
41
Some bacterium can perform photosynthesis like plants (T/F)
true
42
A discrete colony generated from a streak plate has been grown by at least one isolated
microorganism (T/F)
true
43
On the molecular level, shape defines function (T/F)
true
44
All ‘living’ organisms and microorganisms have DNA (T/F)
true
45
Prokaryotes have no nucleus and Eukaryotes have a nucleus (T/F)
true
46
Viruses are facultative intracellular parasites and the most abundant microbes on earth (T/F)
false
47
The mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular genomes separate from the
organisms’ chromosome (T/F)
true
48
Microorganisms in legumes fix N2 for the plant in a symbiotic relationship (T/F)
true
49
All proteins are enzymes, but some enzymes are proteins (T/F)
false
50
Amoebic dysentery and Chaga’s disease are caused by microorganisms from the
kingdom Protista (T/F)
true
51
Competitive inhibition means two substrates competing for the same active site of the
enzyme (T/F)
true
52
A virus that infects a cell and immediately starts to replicate is described as a chronic
latency state (T/F)
false
53
Viral cytopathic effects on a cell include DNA alteration, lysis, and transformation into
cancer cells. (T/F)
true
54
Fungi produce some of the most complex chemicals, such as antibiotics, drugs, and
poisons (T/F)
true
55
how can you tell by the molecule name its an enzyme
it will end in 'ase'
ex. hexokinase
56
Which molecule is ‘the currency of life’?
ATP
adenine triphosphate
57
why is an enzyme needed in a catabolic reaction
The enzyme lowers the activation energy and drives products to reactants
58
After completing aerobic respiration of a sugar molecule (composed of 6 carbon atoms) the final
products resulting from this type of catabolism are _______, ________, and ________?
6 CO2, water, and ATP
59
A typical virus has a protein covering, composed of multiple smaller identical protein subunits that
interlock forming the capsid. What are these simple protein parts called before interlocking into the
capsid
Capsomers
60
Viruses that code for an enzyme called a reverse transcriptase, have the unique ability to turn RNA into
cDNA. By doing this, and with the help of an integrase, it can insert the viral cDNA genetic code into
the host genome. If the incorporation of the viral DNA causes damage to the cell but not kill it and the
cell turns cancerous, what type of virus is this
Oncovirus
61
For eukaryotic cells cilia and flagella are structures mounted on the outside membrane that allow the
microorganism to
Provides locomotion, attach to structures, or gather food
62
When two living members of an ecosystem work together to provide nutrients, shelter, or defend each
other, the term ___________ can be used, but when one takes nutrients from the other, and provides no
distinct advantage to the other (but does not harm it), this is described with the word _____________.
Mutualism and commensalism
63
Organisms from the kingdom fungi, typically have cell walls made from this polymer of sugar?
Chitin
64
When measuring energy and carbon utilization within an organism (whether micro or macro), why does
the carbon/energy balance never equal the same when comparing what went into and out of the cell? For example, if 100 ‘units’ of carbon energy is eaten and only 70 ‘units’ come out as waste, where did the 30 units go
The microorganism takes a cut of the carbon and uses it to grow and repair
65
Ethylene glycol is a common compound found in radiator fluid. It can be fatal if consumed by a cat, dog,
or human as it will be converted by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase to glycoaldehyde. Treating the
patient suffering from ethylene glycol poisoning with ethanol (in the form of strong alcohol) is an
example of what type of enzymatic activity inhibition?
Competitive inhibition
66
this virus is using RNA to replicate all the parts to make more viruses. If the RNA is a + strand, why is it doing
replication in the cytosol of the cell
The + strand acts like a cell’s mRNA and initiate translation of the viral genes for making more viral parts
67
The ability of an enzyme (from a non-thermophilic microbe) to complete a reaction decreases over time
when the temperature is raised from 20oC to 70oC, why does this happen
The enzyme is denaturing
68
what does CRISPR stand for
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
69
A new practice during farming, alternates growing crops of corn with crops of alfalfa or clover. Plants
that can add nutrients into the soil are used to replenish the soil for crops that use nutrients. The plants themselves cannot add nutrients into the soil, it is likely the plant has established a symbiotic with
A microorganism that can fix gaseous N2
70
The electron transport system (ETS) use molecules like FADPH and NADH as electron shuttles to bring
electrons and protons to the ETS in order to pump protons across a membrane. Why is pumping protons
important for generating the energy rich molecule ATP
The proton motive force is generated where the crowded protons are forced to travel through the
ATP synthase enzyme which turns like a windmill producing ATP.
71
What is the cell structure that is used between these different microorganisms? prokaryotes use their _________, while eukaryotes use their ___________, to generate ATP
Membrane and mitochondria
72
Why would the chemicals being tested added
during the log phase of the growth of the microbes
Log phase is when they are metabolically most active
73
All life on this planet that we consider ‘alive’ must have a measurable metabolism. What does the word
metabolism describe about a cell
All chemical and physical reactions that either break down or build molecules
74
If a series of genes are always transcribing transcripts to be translated into enzymes. These specific types
of genes are sometimes referred to as ‘housekeeping’ genes, why?
These enzymes are necessary to conduct work for the cell to grow and generate energy
75
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) as compared to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), is
different only because of the presence of ___________ imbedded in the membrane that will help in
translation of ___________, to be become a protein that will be packaged in the ER
Ribosomes and mRNA
76
Enzymes are proteins that can accomplish specific jobs. How can they ‘know’ what job they need to do
Genes from the genome dictate specific sequence of amino acids to shape the enzyme (shape
defines function)
77
Lakes and rivers in Illinois every year are increasingly developing harmful algal blooms. This is largely
due to a condition of the water becoming more ‘eutrophic’, what does this mean?
The environment contains lots of nutrients
78
At a very basic level, all biological living systems need to have three basic inputs and three basic
outputs. What are the basic three input
Carbon source, energy/electron source, electron acceptor
79
A metabolic pathway, which is controlled by an operon of genes, are only expressed by the presence of a
specific starting molecule (e.g. lactose), is referred to as _______ operon
An inducible operon
80
What is the distinct advantage when comparing aerobic and anaerobic respiration, regarding energy
yields from catabolic reactions?
There is a considerably larger ATP yield in aerobic respiration than in anaerobic systems
81
When the genetic information from a gene is read by the RNA Polymerase producing an RNA molecule
(either rRNA, tRNA, or mRNA), what part of the central hypothesis is this?
Transcription
82
Where do organisms from the kingdom plantae typically get their electrons from? Where does the
energy come from
Water and light
83
During aerobic cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is?
Oxygen (O2)
84
Photosynthesis (including light and dark reactions) is a metabolic pathway for plants to do what
Fix CO2, harvest electrons from water, and collect light energy to build larger molecules
85
The technique Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) can be performed using a DNA polymerase from E.
coli but more enzyme has to be added after each cycle. Thermophilic bacteria and archaea discovered in
Yellowstone National Park allows this process to be done without having to add more enzyme during
each PCR step, why is that
The enzymes of thermophiles are heat stable; they won’t denature at high temperatures
86
When researchers say they study the complete set or chromosomal DNA from any one or several
organisms or microorganisms, this focus of research can be covered under the general –omics title of
Genomics
87
The Earth is constantly being bombarded by high energy molecules. These high energy molecules can
be produced by radioactive materials here on earth. As these high energy particles pass through
biological tissue, they have the chance to strike and break DNA, damage amino acids in proteins, and
disrupt molecular structures. This specific type of radiation is called what
Ionizing radiation
88
This famous scientist is known as the “father of chemotherapy” and coined the term ‘magic bullet’?
Dr. Paul Ehrlich
89
A fluorescent DNA probe (oligonucleotide) was designed to hybridize to a specific gene of
interest. One band in lane ‘D’ glowed, but not the bands in lanes ‘A’ and ‘C’. Why
The DNA fragments may be the same size, but they don’t have to have the same sequence
90
Why does DNA migrate across the gel, away from the negative pole towards the positive pole, when an electrical current is applied to it?
DNA is negatively charged due to the phosphate backbone
91
Typically, ‘vegetative’ cells are more vulnerable to antibiotics than endospore states, why is that
‘Vegetative’ is a growing state and endospores are a ‘sleep’ state
92
If you start a PCR reaction with only five copies (each copy is double stranded) of the template (aka target) DNA, after 3 cycles are complete, how many TOTAL
copies (each copy is double stranded) of the DNA are produced after the PCR is complete
40
93
Why would disabling the EPS system in a bacterial cell help prevent dental cavities
This would prevent cells sticking to teeth where they produce acid from metabolizing sugars
94
How is it possible that disabling the EPS system can generate a cell that causes more cavities?
It is possible, because genetic engineering is not flawless and can result in off target results or
synergistic effects not originally anticipated.
95
There has been an emergency and a plastic instrument will need to be sterilized before it is used on a
patient in a non-hospital setting. What is the most important consideration that needs to be addressed
when deciding on how to sterilize the object
Whatever is done to sterilize it, will the plastic instrument survive the process
96
The microbial inhibiting ‘mold juice’ became known as penicillin and changed how we conduct
medicine. Once the chemical structure of penicillin was determined, it became evident that a recurring
key configuration of the molecule was necessary for it to be active to inhibit cell walls. What was it?
β-lactam ring
97
if we know exactly what is in a agar plate, we would refer to it as ______ medium.
defined
98
A pharmaceutical company is trying to characterize a new antibacterial drug to be sold to the public.
During their experimental testing it is discovered that the effect of the drug changes from antibacterial to
anti-cancer when combined with vitamin-C. What is this effect known as
Synergistic (1 + 1 = 3)
99
. Medical treatment of fungal and helminth infections is very difficult to treat, and the medications used to
remove them can cause serious side effects to the host human. Why does this happen
Their cells are structurally and functionally similar to human cells.
100
Besides removing the pathogenic bacteria, what else is happening in your body when a therapeutic concentration of antibiotic is in it
Antibiotics are indiscriminate, both beneficial and pathogenic bacteria are affected
101
Pasteurization is a method to reduce pathogenic and spoilage causing microbes in food. What are the
physical conditions needed for it to work
Raise the temperature to 65oC for 30 minutes.
102
Soaps, detergents, and alcohols have similar chemical mechanistic action against microbes, what is it
They disrupt the bi-lipid membrane layer
103
Why can’t antimicrobial and antiviral medications be used interchangeably routinely
The metabolic and physiological targets of control for bacteria and viruses are different
104
When a non-pathogenic microorganism encounters debris from a non-living pathogenic microorganism,
there is a chance that the non-pathogenic microbe will become pathogenic. What is this an example of
transformation
105
What is the name given for mixed recombinant DNA
Chimeric
106
The pathology of a pathogen include
Contact, colonization, infection, disease
107
what are methods bacteria use to protect themselves from antibiotics
Destroy the antibiotic with an enzyme.
Prevent the antibiotic from entering the cell.
Alter the antibiotic’s target site.
Pump the antibiotic out of the cell quickly after its entry.
108
The definition of a drug and a poison are almost indistinguishable except for one detail
A drug and poison elicit a physiological response, but the poison threatens the life the organism
109
When you see this symbol on the wrapping of food, what does it mean (green circle thing with a plant like figure in the middle)
Ionizing radiation was used
110
what is an example of a sterilization technique?
Autoclaving
111
An opportunistic pathogen only arises when specific conditions are met where the
microorganism switched from being part of the normal flora to becoming a problem to the host (T/F)
true
112
Sir Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic penicillin (T/F)
true
113
A mutation is always bad, causing disease or making super virulent microorganisms. (T/F)
false
114
The type of microbe must be considered when using chemicals to control it (T/F)
true
115
The Ames test is used to determine how mutagenic a microorganism is (T/F)
false
116
Outdoor sports stores sell filter bottles that remove microbes from questionable water so
that it is safe to drink. This is an example of mechanical microbial control (T/F)
true
117
A pandemic describes when a disease only appears seasonally in a specific region (T/F)
false
118
The number and nature of the microorganisms is always important to consider when
selecting germicidal or sterilization techniques (T/F)
true
119
An antimicrobial drug that inhibits bacterial ribosomes will only affect some bacteria (T/F)
false
