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Social Psych > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Define Social Psychology.

A

scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another`

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2
Q

What are the focuses of Social Psych?

A

social thinking, relations, and influences

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3
Q

Define construals.

A

the way people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world

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4
Q

What is Hindsight bias also known as?

A

I-knew-it-all-along phenonmenon

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5
Q

Define Hindsight bias.

A

tendency to exaggerate one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out; conducive to arrogance and misplace blame

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6
Q

Define behaviorism.

A

school of psych maintaining that to understand human behavior, one only needs to consider the reinforcing properties of the environment

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7
Q

Define self esteem.

A

person’s evaluation of their own self worth

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8
Q

Define social cognition.

A

how people think about themselves and the social world

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9
Q

Define random sample.

A

where every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion

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10
Q

Define sample size.

A

number of participants in a study

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11
Q

Define framing.

A

the way a question of an issue is posed

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12
Q

Define correlational research.

A

study of the naturally occurring relationship among variables (asking whether 2 or more factors are naturally associated)

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13
Q

Define experimental research.

A

studied that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variable) while controlling others (holding them constant)

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14
Q

Define common error.

A

when 2 factors go together it is tempting to conclude that one caused the other

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15
Q

Define linear relationship.

A

measure of how much 2 things go together and in what way

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16
Q

Define mundane realism.

A

experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations

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17
Q

Define experimental realism.

A

experiment absorbs and involved its participants

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18
Q

What does achieving experimental realism sometimes require?

A

deceiving people

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19
Q

Define deception.

A

when participants are misinformed or misled about the study’s methods and purposes

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20
Q

Define demand characteristics.

A

cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected

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21
Q

Define informed consent.

A

research participants must be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

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22
Q

Define debriefing.

A

full post experimental explanation of the study to participants

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23
Q

Define self schemas.

A

beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self relevant information

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24
Q

Define individualism.

A

concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over the group’s goals and defining one’s self through personal attributes rather than group identifications

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25
Define collectivism.
concept of giving priority to the group's goals and identifying one's self via group identification
26
Define interdependent self.
construing one's identity as an autonomous self and a unique individual with particular abilities, traits, values, and dreams
27
Define planning fallacy.
tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task
28
Define impact bias.
tendency to overestimate the enduring impact of emotion causing events
29
Define immune neglect.
tendency to underestimate the ability of the human psyche to recover form emotional events
30
What does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) do?
helps measure implicit attitudes
31
What is secure self esteem less dependent on?
external rewards
32
Define terror management theory.
proposes that people exhibit self protective emotional and cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of their mortality
33
Define self efficacy.
a sense that one is effective and competant
34
What does the likelihood of behavior depend on?
outcome expectancy and reinforcement value
35
Define self serving bias.
tendency to perceive oneself favorably
36
Define self serving attributions.
form of self serving bias, tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors
37
Define defensive pessimism.
adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action
38
Define false consensus effect.
tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors
39
Define false uniqueness effect.
tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities to one's desirable or successful behaviors
40
Define learned helplessness.
sense of hopelessness and resignation after the perceived lack of control over repeated bad events
41
What is the cost of excess choice?
when too many choices can lead to dissatisfaction with our final choice; people tend to be generally happier with decision when they can't undo them
42
Define approach avoidance conflict.
one good option, one bad option
43
Define approach approach conflict.
two equally attractive options
44
Define avoidance avoidance conflict.
two equally unattractive options
45
Define self handicapping.
protecting one's self image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure
46
Define impression management.
wanting to present a desired image both to an external and an internal audience
47
Define self presentation.
expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression
48
Define self monitoring.
being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired image
49
What is the dark triad of negative traits?
narcissism manipulativeness antisocial psychopathology
50
What is system 1 in brain functioning?
automatic processing; intuition or gut feeling
51
What is system 2 in brain functioning?
controlled processing; conscious and controlled
52
Define priming.
activating particular associations in memory
53
Define spontaneous trait transference.
where people are perceived as possessing a trait that they describe in others
54
Define belief perseverance.
persistence of one's initial conceptions, as the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives
55
Define misinformation effect.
incorporating misinformation into one's memory of the even after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it
56
Define confirmation bias.
tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
57
Define overconfidence phenomenon.
tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs
58
Define representative heuristic.
tendency to presume that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member (stereotypes)
59
Define availability heuristic.
cognitive rules that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory
60
Define counterfactual thinking.
imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but didn't
61
Define illusory thinking.
our search for order in random events
62
Define illusory correlation.
perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists
63
Define illusion of control.
perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are
64
Define attribution theory.
theory of how people explain other behaviors
65
What are the commonsense attributions?
consistency distinctiveness consensus
66
Define behavioral confirmation.
type of self fulfilling prophecy whereby peoples social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations
67
What did Zimbardo's prison study show?
power of roles to shape self identity
68
Define attitude.
favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone
69
Define moral hypocrisy.
increased alignment off standards with behavior and produced less moral action
70
Define explicit attitude.
when other influences on behavior are minimal
71
Define role.
set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave
72
Define foot-in-the-door- phenomenon.
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
73
Define low ball technique.
tactic for getting people to agree to something; people who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester up the ante
74
Define door-in-the-face- phenomenon.
tendency to agree to a lesser request after a large request was denied
75
Define cognitive dissonance.
tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions
76
Define insufficient justification.
reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is insufficient
77
Define self perception theory.
we observe out behavior and make reasonable inferences about our attitudes
78
Define evolutionary psychology.
study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection
79
Define culture.
enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
80
Define norms.
standards for accepted and expected behavior; typically implicit
81
Define gender.
characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female
82
Are men or women more socially dominant?
men
83
Define aggression.
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
84
Define gender role.
set of behavior expectations for males and females
85
Define peer transmitted culture.
50% of individual variations in personality traits is by parental nurturing, the other 50% is peer influenced

Social Psych (4 decks)

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