Exam 1

Question 1

How many genes can be found in a strand of DNA?

Answer 1

thousands

Question 2

Which structure in the nucleus contain DNA?

Answer 2

chromosomes

Question 3

What are autosomes?

Answer 3

Any chromosoms that are not sex chromosomes

Question 4

How many sex chromosomes does every animal have?

Answer 4

2

Question 5

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Answer 5

Genotype - genetic makeup
Phenotype - physical traits

Question 6

What is DNA Replication?

Answer 6

making copies of DNA

Question 7

What is Transcription?

Answer 7

Process of using DNA to make RNA

Question 8

What is Translation?

Answer 8

Using RNA to build a protein

Question 9

What are the 4 nucleotides found in DNA?

Answer 9

A, G, C, T

Question 10

Define what a mutation is.

Answer 10

Any change to the DNA

Question 11

Are animal cells prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells?

Answer 11

Eukaryotic

Question 12

Which type of cells do not have a nucleus?

Answer 12

Prokaryotes

Question 13

Which structure within the nucleus is responsible for producing ribosomes?

Answer 13

Nucleolus

Question 14

What is the main job of ribosomes?

Answer 14

Protein synthesis

Question 15

Are ribosomes located in the smooth ER or rough ER?

Answer 15

Rough ER

Question 16

Which organelle has functions similar to the post office?

Answer 16

Golgi

Question 17

Which organelle produces most of the cell’s energy?

Answer 17

Mitochondria

Question 18

Name 2 organelles that contain DNA.

Answer 18

Mitochondria and Nucleus

Question 19

Which structures are important for cell division?

Answer 19

Centrioles

Question 20

What happens during the “S phase” of interphase?

Answer 20

DNA Replication

Question 21

List the 4 phases of mitosis in order and describe what happens in each.

Answer 21

Prophase
- chromatin condenses into chromosomes
- nuclear membrane disappears
- centrioles move to opposite ends of cell and produce spindle fibers

Metaphase
- Spindle fibers move the chromosomes to center of cell
- chromosomes line up in the middle (metaphase plate)

Anaphase
- spindle fibers separate sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase
- centrioles disappear (spindle fibers)
- membrane forms around the daughter chromosomes
- chromosomes revert back to chromatin (lose shape)

Question 22

What happens during cytokinesis?

Answer 22

Cytoplasm divides and 2 new cells are created

Question 23

What type of cells in the body undergo meiosis?

Answer 23

Sex cells (sperm and egg) (gametes)

Question 24

Briefly describe what crossing over is in meiosis.

Answer 24

Swapping of DNA

Question 25

In what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

Answer 25

Prophase I

Question 26

In what phase of meiosis are sister chromatids finally separate?

Answer 26

Anaphase II

Question 27

Describe 3 differences between mitosis and meiosis

Answer 27

- Mitosis - 1 round of cell division - produces diploid cells - does not have crossing over - Meiosis - 2 rounds of cell division - produces haploid cells - has crossing over

Question 28

What is nondisjunction?

Answer 28

Failure of sister chromatids to separate

Question 29

What disorder does an "XYY" person have?

Answer 29

Jacobs

Question 30

What disorder does an "XXY" person have?

Answer 30

Klinefelter

Question 31

What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

Answer 31

- Benign - stays in place - Malignant - spreads

Question 32

What is metastasis?

Answer 32

Spread of cancer cells to another region of the body

Question 33

What are oncogenes?

Answer 33

any mutated gene that causes cancer

Question 34

What are pro-oncogenes?

Answer 34

Normal genes that can be mutated

Question 35

What is the function of tumor suppressor genes?

Answer 35

Stopping the growth of tumors

Question 36

Name 1 type of cancer caused by viruses.

Answer 36

Leukemia

Question 37

Name 3 carcinogen chemicals that livestock can be exposed to.

Answer 37

- Pesticides - Industrial waste - Radon gas

Question 38

What would be a structural defect observed in a cancer cell?

Answer 38

Abnormal shape