Exam 3

Question 1

What is nutrigenomics?

Answer 1

Study of how nutrients affect gene expression

Question 2

Describe the extracellular mechanism for gene activation or gene inactivation

Answer 2

1. Protein binds to receptor on cell membrane
2. Triggers complex signaling cascade
3. Interaction with nucleus to influence transcription

Question 3

Describe the intracellular mechanism for gene activation or gene inactivation

Answer 3

1. Lipid passes through cell membrane and binds to internal receptor to form a complex
2. Complex interacts with nucleus and causes changes in transcription

Question 4

What causes a female bee to develop into a Queen bee?

Answer 4

Drinking royal jelly

Question 5

What type of diets are most likely to cause milk fat depression in ruminant animals?

Answer 5

High grain

Question 6

Which type of fatty acids are most likely to prevent transcription of milk fat synthesis genes?

Answer 6

Trans-10

Question 7

Is milk fat depression caused by the extracellular mechanism or the intracellular mechanism?

Answer 7

Intracellular mechanism

Question 8

How does vitamin D increase absorption of calcium

Answer 8

Increases transcription of calcium binding protein

Question 9

Which hormone in the body do Beta agonist products mimic?

Answer 9

Epinephrine

Question 10

What is another word for viruses?

Answer 10

Phage

Question 11

Why are viruses considered non-living?

Answer 11

Cannot do much without a host cell

Question 12

List the 4 types of virus genomes

Answer 12

ss RNA
ds RNA
ss DNA
ds DNA

Question 13

Describe the lytic cycle of viruses

Answer 13

Virus enters cell, replicates, destroys host cell

Question 14

Describe the lysogenic cycle of viruses

Answer 14

Virus enters cell, gets incorporated into host DNA, remains dormant

Question 15

Which viral disease is commonly observed after calves are transported to a feedlot?

Answer 15

Bovine Respiratory disease

Question 16

How do animals typically become infected with rabies virus?

Answer 16

Biting

Question 17

What virus is commonly transmitted to horses from mosquitos?

Answer 17

West Nile virus

Question 18

What is cloning?

Answer 18

Making a copy of DNA or organism

Question 19

What was the name of the first successful clone of an adult mammal?

Answer 19

Dolly the sheep

Question 20

Name 1 major animal cloning company in the United States

Answer 20

ViaGen

Question 21

Name the 2 methods that can be used to produce clones.

Answer 21

Embryo splitting
Dolly method

Question 22

Describe the procedure for embryo splitting.

Answer 22

A sharp tool is used to cut an embryo in half. Each half embryo becomes a new clone

Question 23

Describe the procedure for somatic cell nuclear transfer.

Answer 23

The nucleus is removed from an egg cell. The egg is fused with a somatic cell. The combined cell is then implanted into a female.

Question 24

Which method of cloning is most commonly used today?

Answer 24

Dolly method

Question 25

What type of effects are usually responsible for malformations in cloned animals?

Answer 25

Epigenetic effects

Question 26

What is a transgenic animal?

Answer 26

An animal that receives genes from a foreign species

Question 27

Write 1 example of how transgenic livestock can be helpful to human medicine.

Answer 27

Use them to make human insulin

Question 28

Write 1 example of an existing transgenic fish.

Answer 28

Glow fish

Question 29

Describe what the "enviropig" is and explain why it would benefit the swine inclustry.

Answer 29

This pig contains phytase enzyme which reduces phosphorus waste in feces

Question 30

Describe all steps involved with making a transgenic animal

Answer 30

Insert a foreign gene into an embryo cell and implant it into a female for development

Question 31

What is xenotransplantation?

Answer 31

Transferring body parts from a foreign animal into a human

Question 32

If you could use crispr-cas9 to improve future animal agriculture, explain your idea on what you would use crispr-cas9 for.

Answer 32

It can be used to treat genetic diseases

Question 33

What is the difference between Mendelian inheritance and non-mendelian inheritance?

Answer 33

Mendelian - follow rules of Gregor Mendel Non-Mendelian - does not follow rules

Question 34

What is an F1 generation?

Answer 34

Offspring of P generation

Question 35

In 2 sentences, describe Mendel's law of dominance

Answer 35

There are dominant and recessivealleles for each trait. Dominant always overpowers recessive

Question 36

In 2 sentences, describe Mendel's law of segregation

Answer 36

Each allele is separated from its parent cell and made into a sperm or egg. The sperm or egg contains 1 allele.

Question 37

In 1 sentence, describe Mendel's law of independent assortment

Answer 37

Each trait is independent of other traits because each trait is linked to different genes.

Question 38

If a male with genotype Bb is mated with a female with genotype Bb, what is the probability that the offspring will have black hair?

Answer 38

75%

Question 39

What is complete dominance?

Answer 39

Dominant is expressed

Question 40

What is codominance?

Answer 40

Both alleles are expressed

Question 41

List 2 examples of codominance in animals.

Answer 41

Roan colored cattle Checkered chickens

Question 42

What is incomplete dominance?

Answer 42

Trait lies in between 2 alleles

Question 43

List 2 examples of incomplete dominance in animals.

Answer 43

Grey cats palomino horses

Question 44

What is epistasis?

Answer 44

One gene inhibits a different gene

Question 45

List 2 examples of epistasis in animals.

Answer 45

Chocolate lab brown rats