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Animal Genetics > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are autosomal traits?

A

Traits linked to autosomes

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2
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A family tree

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3
Q

Which gender is specified by “squares” in a pedigree?

A

Males

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4
Q

Explain what “carriers” are.

A

Recessive allele but does not show symptoms

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5
Q

Is it possible to have “carrier” for dominant traits?

A

No

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6
Q

List 2 examples of autosomal dominant diseases.

A

Huntington’s disease
Waardenburg

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7
Q

List 2 examples of autosomal recessive diseases

A

Cystic fibrosis
PKU

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8
Q

Shaded skips generation is autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive ?

A

recessive

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9
Q

Shaded do not skip generation is autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive ?

A

Dominant

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10
Q

What are sex-linked traits?

A

Associated with sex chromosomes

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11
Q

Under normal conditions, how many x chromosomes do males have?

A

1

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12
Q

List 2 examples of x-linked dominant diseases

A

Vitamin D resistant rickets
Fragile x

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13
Q

How many copies of a recessive allele do males need to inherit an x-linked recessive trait?

A

1

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14
Q

List 2 examples of x-linked recessive diseases.

A

Color blindness
Muscular dystrophy

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15
Q

List 2 examples of y-linked diseases.

A

Swyer
Male infertility

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16
Q

Does mitochondrial DNAinheritance follow rules of Gregor Mendel?

A

No

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17
Q

What shape do mitochondrial chromosomes have?

A

Round

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18
Q

What type of enzymes are encoded by mitochondrial genes?

A

Enzymes involved in aerobic respiration

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19
Q

From which parent do individuals inherit their mitochondrial dna from?

A

Mother

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20
Q

If a female’S mitochondrial gene has the genetic sequence “cgaac” what will be the expected genetic sequence of the same gene in her grandson?

A

Cgaac

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21
Q

Write 2 reasons why mitochondrial DNA is more abundant than nucleus DNA.

A

Each mitochondria has multiple copies
Cells have multiple mitochondria

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22
Q

Does cloning manipulate the mitochondrial DNA of the donor egg?

A

No

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23
Q

Which mitochondrial DNA mutation disease causes exercise intolerance in dogs?

A

Myopathy

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24
Q

Which mitochondrial DNA mutation disease causes blindness?

A

Lebers

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25
Besides the nucleus and mitochondria, which other organelle in plant cells contains DNA?
Chloroplast
26
Which member of the British Royal family was helpful in identifying the tsarina of Russia through mitochondrial DNA comparisons?
Prince Phillip
27
Is maternal effect the same thing as mitochondrial DNA inheritance?
No
28
Mother's genotype = offspring's _________
Phenotype
29
State whether "sinistral" coiling in snails is a dominant or recessive phenotype
Recessive
30
Assume a female snail with genotype (DD) mates with a male having genotype (Dd). What type of coiling will the offspring display?
All dextral
31
Assume a female snail with genotype (Dd) mates with a male having genotype (dd) in the P generation. What type of coiling will the offspring display in the F2 generation?
50% dextral, 50% sinistral
32
Write 1 example of genomic imprinting in livestock animals.
Callipyge
33
Sheep with callipyge inherit a suppressed gene from which parent?
Father
34
Is the callipyge trait desirable for meat production?
No
35
In prader-Willis syndrome, which parents genes are being suppressed?
Mother
36
What epigenetic factor is causing gene suppression in people with Prader-Willi?
Methylation
37
In Angelman’s syndrome, which parents gene is being suppressed
Father
38
What is population genetics?
The study of how alleles and genotypes change in frequency over time.
39
What is evolution?
Changes in population over time
40
What term is used to describe changes in allele frequency due to chance events?
Genetic drift
41
What type of populations are most strongly affected by genetic drift?
Small
42
Explain what the “founder effect” is.
Migration of individuals from a population
43
Explain what the “bottleneck effect” is.
Catastrophic event that affects random individuals
44
What genetic change process involves an animal adapting to their environment?
Natural selection
45
Who developed the concept of natural selection after traveling the world by ship?
Charles Darwin
46
Based on the assumption of natural selection, what is the cause of variation in heritable traits?
Random mutations
47
What exactly was Darwin referring to when he used the term “fitness”?
Reproductive success
48
Define the term “gene pool”
Total number of alleles and genotypes in a population
49
If a local population of angus cattle contains 124 total alleles for particular trait and 38 are recessive allele, calculate the allele frequency of the recessive alleles?
38/124 * 100 = 30.6%
50
If a local population of 72 Dorper sheep contains 38 heterozygous, 20 homozygous dominant, and 14 homozygous recessive gentotypes, calculate the genotype frequency for homozygous dominant in the population.
20/72 * 100 = 27.8%
51
What do geneticists use the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium concept for?
Look at genetic change over time
52
What 5 assumptions must be valid for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
Random mating No mutation No migration No natural selection Large population
53
If a population of cheetahs has a dominant allele frequency of 0.7, what is the recessive allele frequency in the population?
1 - 0.7 = 0.3
54
Write 3 things that are not accurate in the movie Consumed
GMO do not cause skin allergies and vomiting Pesticides do not cause acid rain Chickens do not require 17 weeks to reach market weight without GMOs
55
What does quantitative genetics study?
Traits that are measured on a numerical scale
56
Write 1 example of a quantitative trait in animals
Height
57
Describe the statistical distribution that quantitative traits display.
Variation in quantitate traits is represented by frequency distribution graphs, number of individuals with a specific trait
58
Write 1 condition that must be met for a selected sample of animals to accurately represent a population of interest.
All individuals in a specific group are counted
59
In the context of genetics, explain what a correlation is.
A relationship between 2 quantitative traits.
60
List 2 traits that are positively correlated with one another
Energy intake and milk production
61
List 2 traits that are negatively correlated with one another.
Number of eggs produced and egg weight
62
If statistical analysis of 2 traits gave a correlation value of r= 0.74, what type of correlation exists between the 2 traits?
Positive correlation
63
What type of genetic experiment is designed to locate genes that influence a specific trait of interest?
GWAS

Animal Genetics (4 decks)

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