exam 1

Question 1

explains behavior from a biological and chemical point of view
psychobiologists seek to discover the relationships between behavior an the underlying physiological mechanisms

Answer 1

psychobiology

Question 2

the stereotaxic instrument is utilized for proper placement of an electrode or cannula
an animal is anesthetized and then placed on the stereotaxic instrument- an electrode or cannula is permanently implanted into the brain

Answer 2

stimulation technique for studying the brain

Question 3

a wire is connected to the electrode- weak electrical currents are passed through the wire

Answer 3

electrical stimulation

Question 4

a cannula is placed in the brain, cannula may be metal (guide cannula) with thinner plastic tubing inserted into guide cannula or a hypodermic needle- chemical administered through the cannula

Answer 4

chemical stimulation

Question 5

micro electrode recording from a single cell, EEG, electroencephalogram, gross electrical recording from a large brain area

Answer 5

electrical recording techniques

Question 6

a stereotaxic instrument is deployed and part of the brain is removed, damaged, destroyed, or inactivated, then the behavior of the subject is carefully assessed

Answer 6

lesion method

Question 7

sucking out tissue

Answer 7

aspiration lesions

Question 8

burning the tissue

Answer 8

radio-frequency lesions

Question 9

leucotome is stereotaxically positioned in the brain, then the blade swings out to make a cut (frontal lobotomy)

Answer 9

knife cuts

Question 10

cooling a target area or injecting an anesthetic into the area

Answer 10

reversible lesions

Question 11

animal is sacrificed at the end of the experiment
- brain is removed, placed in formalin, embedded in paraffin
- brain is then slice, stained, and examined

Answer 11

histological examinations

Question 12

contrast x-ray technique that reveals blood vessels in the brain
before x ray is taken a radio-opaque dye is injected into the blood vessels that enter the brain

Answer 12

angiogram

Question 13

individual images are obtained by passing x-rays through the head
a narrow x-ray beam is emitted by a source on one side of the head and a detector measures the number of x-ray photons that emerge on the other side
similar to conventional x-ray but many different sections through the brain are obtained

Answer 13

computerized axial tomography (cat scan)

Question 14

similar to cat scan, but the signal arises from the decay of a radioisotope that has been injected into the patients circulation
a distinct advantage of this is the radioisotope (radioactive fluorodeoxyglucose) can be linked to glucose, the principal metabolic fuel of the brain
STUDYS FUNCTION

Answer 14

positron emission tomography (pet) scan

Question 15

advantage is taken of the fact that the nuclei of atoms in the brain respond to magnetic field differentially, depending on their local atomic environment
by exposing the head to magnetic fields of different strengths, the computer assisted 3D image of the brain is made

Answer 15

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 16

combines structure and function
utilizes high powered, rapidly oscillating magnetic fields and powerful computation to measure the cerebral blood flow in the brain and obtain a measure of neural activity in the brain
produces images of the increase in oxygen flow in the brain to active areas of the brain

Answer 16

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Question 17

this is a pattern recorded by electrodes from a specific part of the brain in response to a stimulus such as sight, sound, or touch
record how quickly and completely the nerve signals reach the brain and can indicate problems along nerve pathways that are too subtle to show up during a neurological examination or be noticed by the patient

Answer 17

evoked response potential (ERP)

Question 18

receiving end, specialized for excitation

Answer 18

dendrites

Question 19

controls metabolism of the cell

Answer 19

cell body (soma)

Question 20

delivers impulses, specialized for conduction

Answer 20

Axon

Question 21

area between cell body and axon of a neuron

Answer 21

axon hillock

Question 22

a swelling at the end of an axon

Answer 22

terminal button

Question 23

fatty insulation around many axons, aids in conduction, its found on neurons inside and outside of the CNS, nerve cells with this conduct faster than nerve cells without, its interrupted at regular intervals by the nodes of Ranvier

Answer 23

myelin sheath

Question 24

inside of the CNS: astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
-provide nourishment for neurons
-provide support for neurons
-protect and insulate axons
-lay down the myelin sheath

Answer 24

satellite cells

Question 25

outside of the CNS, in the peripheral nervous system -protect and insulate neurons - lay down myelin sheath -involved in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers

Answer 25

schwann cells

Question 26

this is found in sensory nerves sub serving somethesis (pain, touch, temperature, pressure) and kinesthesis (limb position) axon is connected via a little neck to the cell body

Answer 26

unipolar neuron

Question 27

found in the eye connected directly to the cell body

Answer 27

bipolar neuron

Question 28

this type is found in motor nerves consists of a single long axon and a number of dendrites

Answer 28

motor neuron (multipolar neuron)

Question 29

this is located predominantly in the spinal cord and brain and is the most numerous of all types of neurons in the nervous system found in between other neurons

Answer 29

interneurons (multipolar neuron)

Question 30

has a short, multibranching dendrites and a long axon, a structure that makes it ideally suited for transmitting information over long distances within CNS

Answer 30

projection neuron

Question 31

axons of this area noticeably short and both its axons and dendrites show profuse branching (this enables it to establish multiple relations with other neurons) typically receives information from a large number of sensory neurons or other interneurons and delivers information to a large number of motor neurons or other interneurons

Answer 31

local circuit neuron

Question 32

towards head

Answer 32

rostral

Question 33

towars tail

Answer 33

caudal

Question 34

above a structure

Answer 34

superior

Question 35

below a structure

Answer 35

inferior

Question 36

towards midline

Answer 36

medial

Question 37

away from midline

Answer 37

lateral

Question 38

toward midline

Answer 38

proximal

Question 39

away from midline

Answer 39

distal

Question 40

front

Answer 40

anterior

Question 41

back

Answer 41

posterior

Question 42

base of brain, front

Answer 42

ventralback,

Question 43

top of brain, back

Answer 43

dorsal

Question 44

sensory

Answer 44

afferent

Question 45

motor

Answer 45

efferent

Question 46

bundles of neurons located outside of CNS

Answer 46

nerve

Question 47

bundle of neurons located inside of CNS

Answer 47

tract

Question 48

collection of nerve cell bodies located outside of CNS

Answer 48

ganglion

Question 49

collection of nerve cells located inside of CNS

Answer 49

nucleus

Question 50

12 pairs of these located inside the somatic nervous system which is located inside the peripheral nervous system

Answer 50

cranial nerves

Question 51

- olfactory - ent./exit from CNS- cerebrum - no autonomic functions - sensory: smell -not a real nerve

Answer 51

cranial nerve I

Question 52

- optic - ent./exit from CNS- thalamus - no autonomic function - sensory: vision - not a real nerve

Answer 52

cranial nerve II

Question 53

- oculomotor - exit from CNS- midbrain - autonomic function: constricts pupils - motor: eye movement, down and in

Answer 53

cranial nerve III

Question 54

- trochlear - exit from CNS- midbrain - no autonomic function - motor: eye movement up and out

Answer 54

cranial nerve IV

Question 54

- trigeminal - ent.&exit from CNS- midbrain, pons, medulla - no autonomic function' - sensory: from face & head - motor: chewing

Answer 54

cranial nerve V

Question 55

- abducens - exit: pons and medulla - no autonomic function - motor: eye movement laterally

Answer 55

cranial nerve VI

Question 56

- facial - exit and ent.: medulla - crying, accommodation, salivation - sensory: taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue) - motor: face movement

Answer 56

cranial nerve VII

Question 57

- auditory-vestibular - ent.: medulla - no autonomic function - sensory: hearing/balance

Answer 57

cranial nerve VIII

Question 58

- glossopharyngeal - ent from CNS- medulla - autonomic function: salivation - sensory: taste 1/3 back of tongue - motor: pharynx/speech

Answer 58

cranial nerve IX

Question 59

- vagus - exit/ent.: medulla - autonomic function: heart, viscera, blood vessels - sensory: taste (pharynx and epiglottis) - motor: swallowing, pharynx, speech

Answer 59

cranial nerve X

Question 60

- spinal accessory - exit from CNS- medulla - no autonomic function - motor: neck muscles/speech

Answer 60

cranial nerve XI

Question 61

- hypoglossal - exit from CNS: medulla - no autonomic function - motor: tongue movement

Answer 61

cranial nerve XII

Question 62

cranial nerves ___ through ___ are peripheral nerves- regeneration takes place

Answer 62

3-12

Question 63

cranial nerves ___, ___, and ___ work together they're concerned with eye movement

Answer 63

III, IV, and VI

Question 64

cranial nerve ___ is the big parasympathetic nerve

Answer 64

cranial nerve X

Question 65

8 pairs positioned in the neck

Answer 65

cervical

Question 65

12 pairs positioned in the chest

Answer 65

thoracic

Question 66

5 pairs positioned in the loin (trunk)

Answer 66

lumbar

Question 66

5 pairs positioned at the end of spinal column

Answer 66

sacral

Question 67

1 pair positioned at the end of the spinal column

Answer 67

coccygeal

Question 68

the ___ ___ of the spinal nerve receives input from receptor

Answer 68

dorsal root

Question 69

the ___ ___ of the spinal nerve sends output to effectors

Answer 69

ventral root

Question 70

just before entering the vertebral column, the spinal nerves divide into __ roots

Answer 70

2

Question 71

the ___ ___ is sensory

Answer 71

dorsal root

Question 72

the __ ___ is motor

Answer 72

ventral root

Question 73

on each dorsal root there is a marked swelling, the ___ ___ ___, that contains the cell bodies of the sensory fibers (unipolar neurons)

Answer 73

dorsal root ganglion

Question 74

inside the spinal cord itself are the cell bodies of the motor fibers, which are also called ____ ____

Answer 74

multipolar neurons

Question 75

- sensory and motor activities - connections found within CNS - differentiation - distributed to skeletal muscles - adjusts between external environment and the organism

Answer 75

somatic nervous system

Question 76

- motor system only - many synapses/ganglia lie outside of CNS - acts as a whole - distributed to smooth/cardiac muscles - concerned with internal adjustments

Answer 76

autonomic nervous system

Question 77

- afferent component - enters dorsal root of spinal nerves of somatic nervous system

Answer 77

visceral nervous system

Question 78

- efferent component - under the influence of the hypothalamus

Answer 78

autonomic nervous system

Question 79

- places of exit from CNS in thorax and lumber regions of spinal cord= thoracolumbar nervous system - mobilizes bodily resources "fight or flight"

Answer 79

sympathetic nervous system

Question 80

- goes from spinal cord (lateral horn) to sympathetic chain - relatively short - secretes acetylcholine (ACH)

Answer 80

preganglionic fiber of spinal cord from sympathetic fibers

Question 81

- goes from sympathetic chain to organ to be innervated - relatively long - secretes norepinephrine (NE)

Answer 81

postganglionic fiber of spinal cord from sympathetic fibers

Question 82

composed of 22 sympathetic chains

Answer 82

ganglia

Question 83

consists of axons of preganglionic fibers (which are myelinated) from the point where they leave the ventral root to the point where they enter the sympathetic chain

Answer 83

white ramus

Question 84

axons of postganglionic fibers (unmyleinated) from the point where they leave the sympathetic chain to the point where they enter the ventral root

Answer 84

gray ramus

Question 85

- places of exit from the CNS: brain and sacral region of spinal cord= craniosacral nervous system - conservation and storage of bodily resources, active after eating

Answer 85

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 86

- goes from brain or spinal cord (lateral horn) to a collateral ganglion - relatively long - secretes acetylcholine (ACH)

Answer 86

preganglionic fiber of spinal cord from parasympathetic fiber

Question 87

- goes from collateral ganglion to the organ to be innervated - relatively short - secretes acetylcholine (ACH)

Answer 87

postganglionic fiber of spinal cord from parasympathetic fiber

Question 88

- causes the heart to beat faster - constricts surface arteries and raises blood pressure - dilates blood vessels to skeletal muscles - speeds clotting

Answer 88

effects of sympathetic nervous system on circulatory system

Question 89

- causes heart rate to slow - inhibits constriction of surface arteries and lowers blood pressure

Answer 89

effects of parasympathetic nervous system on circulatory system

Question 90

- facilitates breathing by dilating bronchioles

Answer 90

effects of sympathetic nervous system on respiratory system

Question 91

- slows breathing by constricting bronchioles

Answer 91

effects of parasympathetic nervous system on respiratory system

Question 92

- inhibits peristalsis of stomach and small intestine - inhibits gastric secretion - inhibits secretion of saliva

Answer 92

- effects of sympathetic nervous system on digestive system

Question 93

- facilitates peristalsis of stomach and small intestine - facilitates gastric secretion - facilitates secretion of saliva

Answer 93

- effects of parasympathetic nervous system on digestive system

Question 94

- inhibits action of bladder (relaxes muscle wall) - vasoconstriction in kidney leading to decreased urine - contracts uterus

Answer 94

effects of sympathetic nervous system on urinary genital system

Question 95

- facilitates action of bladder (muscle wall contracted) - vasodilation in kidney leading to increased urine flow - relaxes uterus

Answer 95

effects of parasympathetic nervous system on urinary genital system

Question 96

- dilates pupil

Answer 96

effects of sympathetic nervous system on eye

Question 97

- constricts pupil

Answer 97

effects of parasympathetic nervous system on eye

Question 98

stimulates secretion

Answer 98

effects of sympathetic nervous system on adrenal gland

Question 99

secretion augmented

Answer 99

effects of sympathetic nervous system on sweat glands

Question 100

pilomotor response (goosebumps)

Answer 100

effects of sympathetic nervous system on hair

Question 101

secretes glucose (changes glycogen into glucose)

Answer 101

effects of sympathetic nervous system on liver

Question 102

constricts and gives off red blood cells

Answer 102

effects of sympathetic nervous system on spleen

Question 103

- conducts impulses to and from brain - regulates reflexes - has gray matter and white matter

Answer 103

spinal cord

Question 104

place where fibers cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other side

Answer 104

gray commissure

Question 105

- conduction paths or tracts - divided into 3 types of columns - dorsal, lateral, and ventral

Answer 105

white matter

Question 106

between dorsal horn and dorsal fissure

Answer 106

dorsal column (afferent)

Question 107

between dorsal horn and ventral horn

Answer 107

lateral column (mixed sensory and motor)

Question 108

between ventral horn and ventral fissure

Answer 108

ventral columns (efferent)

Question 109

- found in lateral area of white matter - shorts tracts that connect different levels of spinal cord

Answer 109

ground bundles /intersegmental tracts

Question 110

name of a tract, first: place it originates, second: places where it terminates

Answer 110

unconventional nomenclature

Question 111

gracilis, cuneate both sensory- kinesthesis

Answer 111

dorsal columns

Question 112

dorsal spinocerebellar ventrolateral spinocerebellar both sensory- cerebellum

Answer 112

lateral column

Question 113

- lateral column - sensory- pain, temperature, diffuse light touch

Answer 113

lateral spinothalamic

Question 114

- lateral column - sensory- pressure, specific light touch

Answer 114

ventral spinothalamic

Question 115

- lateral column - motor- voluntary movement

Answer 115

lateral corticospinal

Question 116

- lateral column - motor- coordination of movement

Answer 116

rubrospinal, reitculospinal

Question 117

- ventral column - motor- voluntary movement

Answer 117

ventral corticospinal

Question 118

- ventral column - motor- coordination of movement

Answer 118

vestibulospinal

Question 119

- joins spinal cord to the higher parts of the brain - contains fiber tracts ascending/descending to various levels of CNS - places of eat for a number of cranial nerves (V-XII) -contains autonomic nuclei concerned with breathing, blood pressure, and heart beat VITAL CENTER OF THE BRAIN

Answer 119

medulla

Question 120

- contains fiber tracts ascending/descending to various levels of the CNS - place of exit of cranial nerves V&VI entrance of cranial nerve V - contains transverse fibers emerging from one side of the cerebellum and going across the ventral surface of the pons and entering the cerebellum on the other side - has a complex of nuclei, pontine nuclei, within bands of transverse nuclei

Answer 120

pons

Question 121

- ventral portion: receives fibers that have been relayed from the sense organs of equilibrium - anterior portion, posterior portion: supplied chiefly with sensory fibers from spinal cord - neoecerebellum: has extensive connections with nuclei of pons and frontal cortex - organ of motor coordination

Answer 121

cerebellum

Question 122

- connects forebrain and medulla - tegmentenum (floor)- mainly passageway - tectum (roof)- has sensory duties: two pairs of sensory centers - 2 superior colliculi- primitive visual centers - 2 inferior colliculi- primitive auditory

Answer 122

midbrain

Question 123

the medulla, pons, and midbrain

Answer 123

brainstem

Question 124

- overlaps forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain - ascending component: constitutes one of two routes traveled by sensory impulses on the way to the cerebral cortex- indirect sensory system

Answer 124

reticular formation

Question 125

stimulus--- nerve impulse---- specific part of cortex

Answer 125

direct sensory system

Question 126

stimulus--- nerve impulse--- reticular formation--- diffusely to the whole cortex

Answer 126

indirect sensory system

Question 127

functions in motor coordination

Answer 127

descending component of reticular formation

Question 128

contains the hypothalamus and thalamus

Answer 128

diencephalon

Question 129

- all of the senses except for smell, send impulses to here on the way to the cortex - great relay center of the brain

Answer 129

thalamus

Question 130

- one of the relay (projection) nucleis - responsible for somesthesis, kinesthesis, and taste

Answer 130

posteroventral nucleus (PVN)

Question 131

- one of the relay nuclei - part of the limbic system

Answer 131

anterior nucleus

Question 132

impulses from the reticular formation

Answer 132

reticular nucleus

Question 133

- one of the geniculate nuclei - responsible for vision

Answer 133

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Question 134

- 2/2 of the geniculate nuclei - responsible for hearing

Answer 134

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

Question 135

receives impulses from cerebellum and sends impulses to the cerebral cortex

Answer 135

lateroventral nucleus

Question 136

- part of lateroventral nucleus - receives impulses from within thalamus and send impulses to cortex

Answer 136

association nuclei

Question 137

projects to the frontal cortex, fibers from this to the cortex are severed in a frontal lobotomy

Answer 137

dorsomedial cortex

Question 138

projects to the posterior cortex

Answer 138

pulvinar nucleus

Question 139

- involved in regulation of basic drives (hunger and thirst) - controls and integrates functions of the autonomic nervous system - involved in endocrine secretions - involved in emotion

Answer 139

hypothalamus

Question 140

- consists of 3 large nuclei - receives input from substantial nigra to the cerebral cortex and sends messages to midbrain and cerebral cortex - significant in maintaining posture of organism and coordination of movement - phylogenetically they are the oldest part of the telencephalon - degeneration of neurons with dopamine as neurotransmitter that link substania nigra to these leads to Parkinson's disease

Answer 140

basal ganglia