Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Gross anatomy (heart,Lungs ,kidneys
A
Examined WITHOUT the aid of a microscope
2
Q
Microscopic Anatomy
A
Examined WITH microscope
3
Q
Cytology
A
Study of cell (cell membrane)
4
Q
Histology
A
Study of tissue (tissue anatomy)
5
Q
Physiology for organ tissue
A
Stretching
6
Q
FIRST level of structural level
A
Chemical Level= atoms join together
7
Q
SECOND level of structural level
A
Cellular level = molecules form organelles =cell
8
Q
THIRD level of structural level
A
TISSUE LEVEL= Similar cells with common function
9
Q
FOURTH level of structural level
A
Organ level
10
Q
FIFTH level of structural level
A
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL=organs working together (cardiovascular,respiratory,digestive)
11
Q
SIXTH level of structural level
A
System level= human being
12
Q
Examples of negative feedback
A
Regulating of body temp
Regulation blood glucose levels
You home heating system
13
Q
Positive feedback examples
A
Blood clotting, contraction during pregnancy
,milk production in breasts
14
Q
Superior( cranial)
A
Toward the head
15
Q
Inferior(caudal)
A
Below
F=floor
16
Q
Ventral (anterior)
A
Towards the front
17
Q
Dorsal (posterior)
A
Towards or the back
18
Q
Medial
A
Middle
19
Q
Lateral
A
Away from the midline
20
Q
Intermediate
A
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
21
Q
Superficial (external)
A
Surface
22
Q
Deep ( internal)
A
Internal
23
Q
Proximal
A
Shoulder
24
Q
Distal
A
Towards hand
25
Coronal plane
Frontal plane~front lunge and back lunge
26
Sagittal plane
Left and right arm extend
27
Transverse plane
Cross sectional plane —————- middle half up and down
28
Dorsal body cavities
Cranial, vertebral
29
Cranial
Brain
30
Vertebral
Spinal cord
31
Ventral body cavities
Thoracic, abdominal
32
Thoracic
Hearts and lungs
33
Abdominal
Stomach ,intestines,liver
Urinary bladder reproductive organs and rectum
34
Serous
Covering the organ with a thin double layered membrane that covers walls
35
4 elements
Carbon,oxygen ,hydrogen,nitrogen
36
What’s makes 96% of body mass
C,N,O,H
37
Isotopes
Same number of protons / electrons but different number of neutrons
38
What’s the smallest particle of a compound
Molecule
39
Ionic
The transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another
Oppositely charged atoms
40
Electron donor
Loses one or more electron(Cation)
41
Electron acceptor
Gains those electrons
Anion
42
Polar
Unbalanced (stronger
43
Nonpolar
Equally balanced
44
Inert
Full of valence shells
45
Ion
POS and neg charged
46
Nucleus
Proton and neutrons
47
T/F is an atom electrically neutral
Yes
48
Name of the outermost orbital/electron shell of an atom
Valance shell
49
What is an ion
An atom that has a charge
50
The strongest of the chemical bonds
Covalent
51
Which chemical bond transfers electrons
Ionic
52
Electrically unbalanced
Polar
53
Stable/full valence shell
Inert element
54
A + B → AB = Anabolism or catabolism
Anabolism
55
Polar solvent properties
Substances comprised of polar molecules tend to dissolve other substances comprised of polar molecules.
Dissociative in water
Even distribution
-blood,plasma, urine and lubricants
56
What are salts
Ionic compounds
57
Roles that salts play in the body function
Fluid balance inside and outside of cells
Conduction nerve impulses
Muscle coutraction
58
F/TION=Electrolytes?
True
59
Does an inorganic or an organic compound contain carbon?
Organic compounds
60
Is water an inorganic or an organic compound?
Inorganic
61
Are fats/lipids an inorganic or an organic compound?
Organic
62
What are the 5 properties of water?
Heat capacity(takes a lot of heat to change the temp of the flu8id to regulate the body temp)BALANCED
Cushioning(can’t compress so its a safety mechanism for th body)
Reactivity( dehydrogation and hydrolysis)
Evaporation(swear , hydrogen bonds break down)
Salt water( universal solvent, break down particles, every polar bond wrap around the circle)
63
What 3 functions do salts have?
Fluid balance, electrolytes(big responsibility), muscle contraction
64
Salts,acids and bases are_____
Electrolytes
65
More acidic=more H+ or more OH-
More hydrogen ion
Ph scale compilation of hydrogen ions
Working its self down it goes up
66
Carbons are electro__? Do they share or transfer e-
Share
67
what breaks a bond? Hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis?
Hydrolysis(break down) c-c-c*c
68
Why are essential nutrients “essential’
Our bodies cannot produce, must eat
69
What’s is “calories” do/provide out bodies?
Our energy currency
70
Protein, fats carbs yields how many kcal per 1 gram?
Pro/CHO: 4g; at:9g
71
How many cals do carbs have
4.1
72
Lipids have this much cals
9.5
73
How much cals in protein?
4.1 cals /gram
74
Major nutrients of ORGANIC
Carbs,lipids and proteins (water)
75
ORGANIC: Other nutrients?
Vitamins and minerals water
76
Carbohydrates are Organic or inorganic?
Organic
77
F/T: Carbs is a major nutrient(macronutrient)
T
78
CARBS: percent of body weight? %
1%
79
CARBS: what elements do they contain?
Carbon,hydrogen and oxygen
80
CARBS: ratio
1:2:1; C:H:O
Glucose
81
What are CARBS? CHO?
Sugar and starches
82
Three classes of carbs?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
83
MONOSACCHARIDES are….
Simple sugars
84
MONOSACCHARIDES: monomers:
Building blocks of other carbohydrates
85
MONOSACCHARIDES: Contain___ carbon atoms
Hexose= 6 carbons- i.e glucose(blood sugar)
Pentose= 5 carbons- i.e deoxyribose (DNA)
86
Two monosaccharides joined by _________
Dehydrodration synthesis
87
Disaccarides ae broken down by___
Hydrolysis
88
3 Disaccharides
Sucrose - table sugar (fruits & vegetables)
○Lactose - milk sugar (dairy foods)
○Maltose - malt sugar (sweet potatoes, pears, beer)
89
Polymers of simple sugars (glucose) linked together by_____
dehydration synthesis
90
Starch
storage carbohydrate from plants (grains, potatoes)
■Cellulose - found in plants too; indigestible (fiber) → provides bulk
91
Glycogen
- storage carbohydrate in animal tissue; we store in skeletal muscle and liver tissue
92
Outer part of rice
Bran
93
Middle part of grain
Endosperm
94
Little middle part or grain
Germ
95
How much carbs do we need to function to stay alive?
100g/day
Maintain adequate blood glucose levels
96
Recommended intake of carbs ,fiber and nutrients
45-65%
97
Deficenices of not having enough carbs
Metabolic acidosis (
98
Starch (complex carbohydrates)-
grains and vegetables
99
Sugars
fruits, sugarcane, sugar beets, honey and
100
Insoluble fiber -
cellulose in vegetables → provides roughage
101
Soluble fiber-
pectin in apples and citrus fruits → gel; reduces blood cholesterol levels
102
The glycemic index (or GI)
measures the effects of CHO on blood sugar levels
103
CHO that breaks down ____ during digestion have a ____ GI
CHO that breaks down ___ have a ____ GI
1. Quickly,Higher
2- slower, Lower
104
1.Energy Source (i.e. cellular fuel)
a.Main function of CHO is to be used as an energy source
Energy (immediate)
Glycogen (short term storage)
Lipid (long term storage)
105
Where is Glycogen stores in?
The storage CHO in animal tissue
●We store it in:
○Liver tissue (~100 grams)
■Uses stored glycogen to maintain blood sugar
○Muscle tissue (~200 grams)
■Uses glycogen for themselves
106
Protein Sparing
Protein is normally use for maintenance, repair, and growth of tissues
i.When CHO reserves (glycogen) are reduced, metabolic pathways exist for the synthesis of glucose from protein (gluconeogenesis).
ii.Therefor your body uses tissue protein for energy
107
Metabolic Primer
For fat to be used as an energy source, they must be preceded by CHO metabolism - “Fat Burns in a Carbohydrate Flame
108
CHO make up what % of our body weight? Base formula?
1%= CH20
109
What are the 3 classes of CHO
Glucose, fructose, galactose = for disaccharides
110
What makes up each class?
Mono: glucose,fructose,galactose
Di:sucrose,lactose, maltose
Poly: starch,glycogen, cellulose
111
Example SIMPLE CHO vs complex CHO
Simple: mono/disaccharides- higher sugar content
Complex: polysaccharides- lower sugar content; fiber
112
Example refines CHO… what is stripped away? Examples?
Refined: strips away nutrients (fiber,vitamins,minerals)
-White rice vs brown rice; white bread vs whole grain bread
113
What % of calorie intake should come from CHO?
45-65%
114
WHAT ARE TWO FORMS OF FIBERS?
Insoluble(bulk,speeds up GI)
Soluble(absorbs with water and forms into gel; slow pace; controls blood sugar/cholesterol levels
115
What is the glycemic index? How does it affect blood sugar?
CHO effects on blood sugar.HIGH GI means there will be a fast/higher blood sugar levels
LOW GI means CHO will digest slower which will limit the “spike” blood sugar
116
What is glycogen as it relates to our bodies?
Glycogen is our bodies CHOICE storage’ It is HIGHLY BRANCHED so it is easier to breakdown and use for fuel when needed
117
What are the 5 functions of CHOs? Example them
Energy source,
protein sparing,
metabolic primer-carbs to burn fat
,brain fuel,small role in cell structure
118
What are example of CHO
BRRAD,MILK,CORN,PASTA,CEREAL
119
Are lipids organic or inorganic?
Organic
120
What are lipids major nutrient?
Macronutrients
121
Lipids: percent of body weight:
15-25%
122
College MALE body lipid weight
15%
123
College female lipid weight percent
25%
124
What elements do lipids contain?
Hydrogen,oxygen,carbon and SOMETIMES phosphorous
125
T/F: lipids are insoluble in water
True
126
LIPIDS: SIMPLE
Triglycerides
127
LIPIDS: Compound
Phospholipids
128
LIPIDS: Derived
Steroid and prostaglandins
129
Triglycerides
This is a major for of stored energy in the body
130
Where are lipids found in the body
Subcutaneous tissue
Plant and animal based foods
131
What is triglycerides composed of?
3 fatty acid(dehydration synthesis)
Gycerol molecules
132
Is saturated and single or double bonded?
Single
133
Saturated: are they straight or kinked
Straight
134
Are saturated bonds solid ?
Yes
135
Saturated: longer or short chains?
Longer
136
Where are saturated fats found?
Animal fats: meat,eggs,dairy ,butter
137
Polyunsaturated fats
Omega 3 and 6
Decreases heart disease
138
Trans fats
Not beneficial
-margine.pastries ,cookies and non dairy creamer,etc
139
Tail on phospholipids are_____?
Hydrophobic
Fear water
140
Head of phospholipids
Hydrophilic
Love water
141
Atherosclerosis
Heart disease risk
142
When atoms gain electrons___.
A)the atoms become negatively charged
B)the atoms become electrically neutral
C)the atoms become positively charged
D)their atomic mass significantly increases
A
143
The complete transfer of electron(s) from one atom to another resulting in charged atoms creates a ________ bond
A)personal
B)ionic
C)covalent
D)Hydrogen
B
144
Hydrogen bonds between polar water molecules creates ________.
A)chemical reactions
B)charged atoms
C)surfactant
D)Surface Tension
D)
145
Molecules are formed when 2 or more ________ combine.
atoms
electrons
molecules
subatomic particles
Atoms
146
In a chemical reaction,_____
join to form_____
A)reactants; products
B)molecules; atoms
C)formulas; products
D)products; reactants
A)reactants; products
147
An increase in temperature will _____
chemical reactions.
A)increase
B)decrease
C)Not affect
A)
148
A decrease in particle size will____
chemical reactions.
increase
decrease
no affect
A)
149
Organic molecules contain which one of the following atoms that inorganic molecules do not.
A)oxygen
B)hydrogen nitrogen
C)carbon
C
150
All the following are organic compounds EXCEPT?
A)water
B)proteins
C)carbohydrates
D)nucleic acids
Water
151
Which of the following describes the most acidic solution?
A)pH 14
B)pH 9
C)pH 7
D)pH 4
D
152
An example of why water is referred to as the polar solvent would be:
A)cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain
B)water redistributing heat among body tissues
C)salt dissolving in a glass of water
D)sweat evaporating on your skin
C
153
As the increases, acidity increases.
A)H+
B) ОН-
B
154
The body's pH is regulated by:
A)buffers
B)the lungs
C)the kidneys
D)heart
A,B,C
155
A buffer will release OH- ions if the blood pH
A)becomes neutral
B) falls (becomes more acidic)
C)stavs the same
B
156
A buffer will release OH- ions if the blood pH
A)becomes neutral
B)falls (becomes more acidic)
C)stays the same
D)rises (becomes more basic)
B)
157
Dehydration synthesis is when a water molecule is ___bond is____.
A)added; broken
B)removed; broken
C)removed; formed
D)added; formed
C)
158
A___ is the building block of a ____.
Monomer; polymer
159
Carbon is______ , which means it often___ its valance shell electrons with other atoms.
A)electropositive; transfers
B)electroneutral; shares
C)stable: shares
C)
160
What major nutrients) provide 4.1 calories per gram of potential energy.
A)nucleic acids
B)carbohydrates
C)proteins
D)lipids
B and C
161
Hydrolysis is when a water molecule is____ _and a covalent bond is______.
A)removed; broken
B)added; broken
C)removed; formed
D)added; formed
B)
162
What major nutrients) provide 9.5 calories per gram of potential energy.
A)carbohydrates
B)nucleic acids
C)lipids
D)proteins
C
163
An essential nutrient is something our body needs but our bodies can be produced it so we do not need to consume it through our diet.
A)True
B)False
False
164
What are the building blocks of lipids
Head( glycerol) tails 2 fatty lipids
165
The percent lipids make up of our body weight
15-25%
166
Are lipids insoluable or soluble
Insoluble(hydrophobic)
167
The 3 subclassifcaiton of lipids
tri(stored fuel source)
Phospholipids
Steroids
168
Difference between saturated vs unsaturated FA?
Sat: no double bonds,tightly packed
-solid ,animal products
Unsat: 1 or more double bonds,branched,liquid-plant based
169
What lipids should be limited inn our body
Saturated
170
Which lipids should be limited in our diets?
Fall under poly
OMEGA 6 & 3
171
What are the essential fatty acids?
172
Primary structure (Amino acids residues)
protein's primary structure is defined as the amino acid sequence of its polypeptide chain
173
Secondary structure (A Helix)
secondary structure is the local spatial arrangement of a polypeptide's backbone (main chain)
174
Tertiary structure (polypeptide chain)
tertiary structure refers to the three-dimensional structure of an entire polypeptide chain; and quaternary structure is the
175
Quaternary Structure( Assembled subunits)
A clump of primary,secondary and tertiary structures
EX: hemoglobin=4 acids chinas and antibodies
Overall AA sequence and structure very specific
176
Fibrous Proteins
●Structural
●Secondary, tertiary, & quaternary structures
●Insoluble in water = very stable
●Skin, bone, muscle, tendons, etc
177
Globular Proteins
Functional
●Tertiary & quaternary structures
●Water soluble
●Play a major role in all biological processes
○Antibodies, transport, enzymes
178
Calorie intake
15-20%
179
How many essential acids are there overall?
20
180
How many essential amino acids are there
9
181
How many non essential amino acids are there?
11
182
Complete
○A protein source that contains all 9 essential amino acids; meeting the bodies needs for all amino acids
■Eggs, milk, fish, beef, pork, poultry
■Quinoa, buckwheat, soy, chia seeds, pistachios
183
Incomplete
○A protein source that does not contain a high quantity of essential amino acids
○They are low in one or more of the essential amino acids
■Legumes (beans), nuts, seeds, veggies and grains
184
1.Cell Structure & Function
A. Structural Proteins - secondary structure - fibrous proteins
B. Functional Proteins - tertiary structure - globular proteins
185
Regulate Body Functions
Acid-base Balance → hemoglobin
b.Muscular Contraction → actin & myosin
c.Protection → antibodies
186
Energy Source
Not desired or recommended
b.Used when CHO/Lipids limited
187
Catalyst for Chemical Reactions
Enzymes - biological catalysts
a.Regulate/control/enhance chemical reactions
b.Not all proteins are enzymes but all enzymes are proteins - globular proteins
188
○Positive Nitrogen Balance
if synthesis exceeds breakdown - growing children, tissue repair, pregnancy
189
Negative Nitrogen Balance
if breakdown exceeds synthesis - starvation, stress, burns, infection, or injury
190
Building blocks of proteins?
Animo acids
191
How many amino acids are there? “Building blocks”
20
192
How many essential?
9
193
How many nonessential?
11
194
Essential vs nonessential?
We need to consume EAAs
195
Complete proteins vs uncomplete proteins?
Complete has all 9 AA, I complete does not
196
Complete protein food groups?
Animal products+ a few plant products
197
Incomplete protein food groups?
Plants-veggies,nuts,seeds,grains,fruit
198
Percentage of body weight
17%
199
Protein % coming from diet
15-20%
200
What is special about R-groups
“Name tag”; unique side chain, chemical prop
201
4 structure subclassifications?
Primary(nice long line) ,secondary(linked, alpha helix), tertiary,quanterary
202
Tiberius classification & role(s) in the body?
Fibrous= structure; secondary
203
Globular classification & role(s) in body
Globular= functional;tertiary
204
Protein denaturation
Shape change by breaking bonds
205
4 protein functions
Structure/function,regulate,energy,catalysis
206
Are all enzyme proteins? T/F
T
207
Nitrogen balance
Rate of intake/synthesis vs breakdown in the tissue /loss
208
Vitamins organic or inorganic?
Organic
209
Minerals organic or inorganic?
Inorganic
210
Nuclei acid organic or inorganic?
Organic
211
Water organic or inorganic?
Inorganic
212
What % of body weight do vitamins make up?
Minimal
Minerals= 4%
Nuclei acid= 2%
Water= 60–65%
213
Vitamins two sub classifications?
What make up each?
Fat & Water soluble
A-ADeK & BC
214
Two subclassicfication of water in the body?
Intracellular(40%) & extracellular (20%)
215
Building blocks of nuclei acids?
Nucleotides
216
Two subclassifications of nucleic acids
DNA & RNA
217
Location of each subclassifcation
DNA= Nucleus
RNA-Cytoplasm
218
What is ATP
Cell energy currency, stores energy
219
Main parts of a cell are:
1-nucleus
2- membrane
3-cytoplasm
220
Cell membrane is made up of what percentages of lipid,carbs and proteins
Lipid-40%
Carbs-50%
Protein- 10%
221
The membrane channels/pumps are made up of what compound?
Proteins
222
Type 1 diabetes- insulin sensitivity or production issues?
Insulin production issues-> pancreas
223
What membrane transport system that requires energy?
Active
224
Simple diffusion
Unassisted can diffuse through the membrane
Nonpolar
Gasses
225
Facilitated
Polar
226
Osmosis
Water diffuse accross
Aqua—-
