Exam 4(YOU GOT THIS KAS) Flashcards by Kassie XO

Definition of Pharynx

Passageway for both air and food

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Definition for Terminal Bronchioles

Passageways that represent the final portion of the conducting division of the respiratory system.

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Alveoli

Microscopic chambers at the end of bronchial tree responsible for gas exchange.

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What is the Pleura

Lubricating fluid and compartymentalized lungs

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What’s the larynx?

This is responsible for sound and speech production

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What’s the Respiratory Bronchiole

First portion airways that can be involved in gas exchange

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What are the lungs?

Paired composite organs located within the pleural cavities of thorax

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Bronchioles

Airways that continually branch into smaller diameter passageways

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Trachea

Flexible, main airway leading into bronchial tree which is lined with hyaline cartilage

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Alveoli:

conducting division

respiratory division

Respiratory

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Respiratory Bronchioles

conducting division

respiratory division

Respiratory division

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Terminal Bronchiole
conducting division

respiratory division

Conducting division

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Trachea
conducting division

respiratory division

Conducting division

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Right and left primary bronchus

conducting division

respiratory division

Conducting division

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Alveolar duct

conducting division

respiratory division

Respiratory Division

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Secondary and segmental bronchi

conducting division

respiratory division

Conducting division

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Surfactant

conducting division

respiratory division

Respiratory Division

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Gas Exchange

conducting division

respiratory division

Respiratory division

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Hyaline Cartilage

conducting division

respiratory division

Conducting division

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Cilia

conducting division

respiratory division

Conducting

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Type I alveolar cells

Respiratory

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Type II alveolar cells

conducting division

respiratory division

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Mucus
conducting division

respiratory division

Conducting

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Smooth muscle
conducting division

respiratory division

Conducting

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T/F The respiratory division has a larger surface area then the conducting division

T/F Filtering, warming, and moistening airflow happens in the respiratory zone?

False

Upper respiratory tract

Nose Nasal cavity Paranasal sinuses Pharynx

Low respiratory tract

Trachea Bronchi Lungs

What is secreted to trap dust, bacteria, debris and contains enzymes and antibiotics Mucus Surfactant Cilia Pleural fluid

Mucus

Atmospheric pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure. Inspiration (inhalation) Expiration (exhalation)

Inspiration( inhalation)

Thoracic cavity volume decreases which causes the intrapulmonary pressure to rise Inspiration (inhalation) Expiration (exhalation)

Expiration

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract and pull the ribs up and out. Inspiration (inhalation) Expiration (exhalation)

Inspiration

Caused by the surfactant not being developed; treated by spraying natural or synthetic surfactant. Bronchitis Emphysema IRDS (Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

IRDS (Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

What factor(s) affect breathing rate and depth? partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) degree of stretch of lung tissue emotional state & physical activity level all of the above

all of the above

Which medullary respiratory center controls basic rhythm of breathing? ventral respiratory group dorsal respiratory group

Ventral respiratory group

Sensors that monitor changes in the chemical composition in blood mechanoreceptor exteroceptor chemoreceptors photoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Concentration of what gas is most influential to respiration? PCO2 PO2

PCO2

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

Residual Volume

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

Vital Capacity

Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort

Tidal Volume

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

Functional Residual Capacity

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration

Total Lung Capacity

Maximum amount of air contained in the lungs after maximum inspiratory effort

Expiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration

Inspiratory capacity

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

How many liters is tidal volume

0.5

Inspiratory reserve volume liters?

2.0

Expiratory reserve volume liters

1.5

Residual Volume liters

1.0

Vital capacity liters

4.0

Subject #1 - Male, 6'1", 22 years FVCmeasured = 6.80 L; FVCpredicted = 6.01 L; FEV1.0 = 5.8 L; FEV2.0 = 6.5 L; FEV3.0 = 6.9 L. Does Subject 1 have a Restrictive Lung Disease? Yes No Unable to determine

Subject #1 - Male, 6'1", 22 years FVCmeasured = 6.80 L; FVCpredicted = 6.01 L; FEV1.0 = 5.8 L; FEV2.0 = 6.5 L; FEV3.0 = 6.9 L. Does Subject 1 have an Obstructive Lung Disease? Yes No Unable to determine

Subject #2 - Female, 5'6", 20 years FVCmeasured = 4.35 L; FVCpredicted = 4.25 L; FEV1.0 = 3.4 L; FEV2.0 = 4.15 L; FEV3.0 = 4.35 L. Does Subject 2 have a Restrictive Lung Disease? Yes No Unable to determine

Subject #2 - Female, 5'6", 20 years FVCmeasured = 4.35 L; FVCpredicted = 4.25 L; FEV1.0 = 3.4 L; FEV2.0 = 4.15 L; FEV3.0 = 4.35 L. Does Subject 2 have an Obstructive Lung Disease? Yes No Unable to determine

Yes

Subject #3 - Male, 5'10", 63 years FVCmeasured = 4.25 L; FVCpredicted = 6.5 L; FEV1.0 = 3.6 L; FEV2.0 = 3.8 L; FEV3.0 = 4.04 L. Does Subject 3 have a Restrictive Lung Disease? Yes No Unable to determine

Yes

Subject #3 - Male, 5'10", 63 years FVCmeasured = 4.25 L; FVCpredicted = 6.5 L; FEV1.0 = 3.6 L; FEV2.0 = 3.8 L; FEV3.0 = 4.04 L. Does Subject 3 have an Obstructive Lung Disease? Yes No Unable to determine

Volume of inspired air in the conduction zone conduits that never contributes to gas exchange. Alveolar dead space Total dead space Anatomical dead space

Anatomical dead space

Volume of inspired air in the alveoli that do not act in gas exchange due to their collapse or obstruction Alveolar dead space Total dead space Anatomical dead space

Alveolar dead space

T/F: Increased air flow resistance decreases air flow rate.

True

T/F:Decreased surface tension increases alveoli surface area

True

Obstructive Lung Disease (check all that are true): affects flow rates affects volumes and capacities affects the airway tubes affects the alveoli fibrosis asthma

affects flow rates affects the airway tubes

Restrictive Lung Disease (check all that are true): affects flow rates affects volumes and capacities affects the airway tubes affects the alveoli fibrosis asthma

affects volumes and capacities fibrosis

Gas exchange at the body tissues. External Respiration Internal Respiration

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange at the alveolar level. Internal Respiration External Respiration

External respiration

Increased diffusion is favored with: more surface area shorter distance greater solubility of gases all the above are true

Alll

T/F: Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is higher in the alveoli vs the blood vessels

True

T/F:Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is higher in the tissues vs the blood vessels

T/F: Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is higher in the alveoli vs the blood vessels

T/F:Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is higher in the tissues vs the blood vessels

T/F: Increase in temperature & PCO2 lowers Hb's affinity for O2 which enhances Hb to unload O2 into the tissues

T/F: Higher CO2 in the blood releases more hydrogen ions (H+) which lowers our blood pH which makes our blood more acidic

T/F: Majority of O2 is carried in the blood via hemoglobin while majority of CO2 is carried via carbaminohemoglobin

Gas exchange at tissues? A) Internal B) external

Internal

Co2 solubility is ____ O2 solubility A) greater than B) less than C) equal to

PCO2 at tissues is ____ PCO2 in the blood A) greater than B) less than C) equal to

T/F: Co2 attached to the heme on the hemoglobin

Decrease temperature___ Hb affinity(hemo wanted to hold onto it) for O2 A) increase B)decrease C) no affect

Increase in PCO2___ Hb affinity for O2 A) increase B)decrease C) no affect

Airflow rate in obstructive lung disease is restrictive lung disease a)Less than b. Greater than c. Same as

Less than

Normal, quiet ventilation a.Tidal volume b. Vital capacity c. Total lung cap.

Tidal volume

TV + IRV + ERV IS: a. Tidal volume b.Vital capacity c. Total lung cap.

Vital capacity

Air in conduction zone that is not involved in alveolar gas exchange c. Total lung cap. a. Alveolar dead space b.Anatomical dead space

Anatomical dead space

Volume of air ventilation each minute a.tidal volume b.Minute ventilation

Minute ventilation

hat measures the efficiency of alveolar gas exchange a. Minute ventilation b.Alveolar ventilation rate

Alveolar ventilation rate

Type of breathing to increase alveolar ventilation exchange a.Normal rate b.Slow & deep

Slow and deep

Increase resistance_____air flow rate a.Increases b.Decreases

Decreases

Decrease lung compliance____lungs ability to expand a.increase b.decrease

Decrease

Obstructive lung disease affects: a.Tubes/bronchi b. Alveoli

Affects lung capacity & volume: a. Obstructive PD b.Restrictive PD

b.Restrictive PD

Measures volume/capacity; normal > 75% a.Static test b. Dynamic test

Static test

The function(s) of the urinary system include (mark all that apply): excrete nitrogenous wastes maintain blood pH maintain fluid balance none of the above

excrete nitrogenous wastes maintain blood pH maintain fluid balance

About how much blood do the kidneys filter every day? 125 ml 1.5 L 5 L 180 L

180L

The vessel that supplies blood directly into the glomerulus is called the ________. cortical radiate artery afferent arteriole efferent arteriole arcuate artery

Correct Answer: afferent arteriole

This structure is a capillary bed from which blood is filtered into the nephron. renal corpuscle glomerulus peritubular capillary glomerular capsule

glomerulus

Please select the correct sequence of urine flow through the kidney structures: 1. Ureter 2. Minor Calyx 3. Major Calyx 4. Renal Pelvis 5. Renal Pyramid 3, 4, 5, 2, 1 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

5,2,3,4,1

________ are the structural and functional units that form urine. Urinary Bladder Renal Cortex Nephrons Ureters

Nephrons

T/F: The glomerulus is a turf of capillaries that are highly porous and allow filtrate to be formed. True False

True

T/F: The glomerular capsule is a hollow structure surrounding the glomerulus. True False

True

The renal tubule consists of (mark all that apply): Glomerulus Glomerular Capsule Proximal Convoluted Tubule Nephron Loop Distal Convoluted Tubule

Proximal Convoluted Tubule Nephron Loop Distal Convoluted Tubule

T/F: The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is the farthest from the renal corpuscle. True False

False

T/F: The nephron loop has both descending and ascending limbs. True False

True

________ comprises of 85% of nephrons Cortical Nephron Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Cortical Nephron

________ have long nephron loops that deeply invade the renal medulla. Cortical Nephrons Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

________ are important in the production of concentrate urine. Cortical Nephrons Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

________ are almost entirely in the renal cortex. Cortical Nephrons Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Cortical Nephrons

When glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increases, urine output ________. increases decreases has no change

increases

When urine output increases, blood volume ________. increases decreases has no change

decreases

When blood volume decreases, systemic blood pressure ________. increases decreases has no change

decreases

When glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases, blood volume ________. increases decreases has no change

increases

When blood volume increases, systemic blood pressure ________. increases decreases has no change

increases

What type of control is considered "in-house" and autoregulates the GFR? intrinsic extrinsic

intrinsic

What type of control maintains systemic blood pressure throughout the body? intrinsic extrinsic

extrinsic

Water is said to ______ salt (Na+). date ignore follow

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) secretion increases the reabsorption of ______ in the DCT and collecting duct. water Na+ K+ Ca2+

water

Aldosterone secretion increases the reabsorption of ______ in the DCT and collecting duct. water Na+ K+ Ca2+

na+

When ADH increases, urine output ______. increases decreases no change

decrease

When aldosterone secretion increases, urine output ______. increases decreases no change

decrease

When Na+ reabsorption increases, water reabsorption ______. increases decreases no change

Increase

The ascending limb of the nephron loop is: impermeable to solutes freely permeable to water impermeable to water selectively permeable to solutes

impermeable to water

What part of the nephron reabsorbs nearly all glucose and amino acids? distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop collecting ducts

proximal convoluted tubule

Where is 2/3 of readorption occurs in nephrons

PCT

Impermeable to solutes in nephron loop

Descending

Most abundant cation in filtrate

Sodium

Movement of H20 from hypoosmotic solution to hyperomotic solution

Osmosis (a lot of salt in this place and then waste there is more water where the solutes are being pulled by the water)

Protein channels/pore that allows water to reabsorb

Aquaporins(protein channels)

Creates the medullary osmotic gradient in juxtamedullary nephron

Countercurrent multiplayer

Preserves the medullary osmotic gradient in vasa recta capillaries

Countercurrent exchanger

Hormone that increases water reabsorption via activating aquaporins

ADH(over hydrated will shut down the aquaporins hormones)

Hormone that increases Na+ reabsorption

Aldosterone( pulls sodium when needed)

Parts of the tubule that control Na+ and water by hormones

DCT

Volume of filtrate formed er minutes of both kidneys

GFR

Countercurrent multiplier

countercurrent multiplier mechanism helps the kidney conserve water and maintain proper fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.

Countercurrent exchanger

countercurrent exchange is a highly efficient mechanism for the transfer of substances across biological membranes, maximizing the exchange process and optimizing physiological functions such as respiration and urine concentration.

The 3 steps of urine formation

1.filtrate 2.reabsorption 3.secretion

ADH UP; Urine ____?

Does down

parasympathetic

nervous system regulates restful activities and conserves energy in the body. It is often referred to as the "rest and digest" system, contrasting with the sympathetic nervous system's "fight or flight" response. It slows heart rate, promotes digestion, constricts bronchi, and has various other effects on organs.

sympathetic

Send signal to store for the short being

Urine is expelled from the urinary bladder defecation excretion filtration micturition

Micturition

For micturition to take place; what are the order of events that must take place? 1. Opening of the internal sphincter. 2. Bladder wall stretches, and the stretch receptors trigger spinal reflexes. 3. Opening of the external sphincter. 4. Contraction of the detrusor muscles by the parasympathetic system 1, 2, 3, 4 4, 3, 2, 1 4, 2, 1, 3 2, 4, 1, 3

2,4,1,3

All the following are solutes of urine EXCEPT: uric acid urea creatinine glycogen

Glycogen

The muscularis of the urinary bladder, collectively called the detrusor muscle, is made up of ________ layers of muscle. 2 3 4 5

What is the kidney?

The kidney is the big shaped organs

What is the ureter?

It’s those long tubes connected to the kidneys that carries the routine from the kidney to the bladder

What is the Hepatic Vein?

The blue vein tube in the middlee

Urethra

Vagina( women pelvic area)

What is the Renal Artery?

The major blood vessel that supplice oxygenated blood to the kidneys( red tube)

Renal Vein

renal veins are the main blood vessels that carry blood from the kidneys and ureters to the inferior vena cava (IVC), which then carries blood directly to the heart.

Rectum (cut view)

Hollow hole on top on the bladder

Urinary Bladder

The bladder obviously before the pee hole

Adrenal Gland

Fat looking things near the kidneys

When you are dehydrated, your urine is usually: dark yellow pinkish clear

Dark Yellow

When water reabsorption increases, urine output ________. increases decreases no change

Decreases

What autonomic nervous system induces micturition? parasympathetic sympathetic somatic

parasympathetic

What urinary sphincter has voluntary control? internal urethral sphincter external urethral sphincter pyloric sphincters esophageal sphincter

external urethral sphincter

What nitrogenous waste in urine is from protein metabolism? urea uric acid creatinine creatine phosphate

Urea

What creates the medullary osmotic gradient? countercurrent multiplier countercurrent exchanger

Countercurrent Multiplier

What preserves the medullary osmotic gradient? countercurrent multiplier countercurrent exchanger

Countercurrent Exchanger

Act as the countercurrent multipliers. nephron loop vasa recta cortical nephron glomerulus

Nephron loop

T/F: When the secretion of ADH increases urine production/volume increases. Incorrect answer: True False

Also known as urination

Micturition

The acid that gives urine its yellow color

Urochrome

Largest solute waste in urine

Urea

Type of movement ureters use to move urine from kidneys to bladder

Peristalsis

Triangle region of the ureter entries and bladder neck; infections

Trigone

Middle layer of bladder made of smooth muscle

Destructor

Sphincter with voluntary control

External

Sphincter with involuntary control

Internal

Inhibits micturition and inhibits pontine storages

sympathetic

Promotes micturition and inhibits Pantone storage

ParaSympathetic

Homologous structures -

often have functions in common Male testes & female ovaries

males secrete ?

Testorone

Female sex hormones

Estrogens and progesterone (females)

Accessory reproductive organs:

remaining reproductive structures → ducts, glands, and external genitalia

The Scrotum

Sac of skin and superficial fascia Hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity Contains paired testes

Scrotom temp maintenance

98.6o) → slightly cooler for sperm production (spermatogenesis)

Dartos muscle:

smooth muscle; wrinkles scrotal skin; pulls scrotum close to body

Cremaster muscles

bands of skeletal muscle Cremaster Muscle that elevate testes Dartos Muscle Regulate temp

Sperm production

meiosis 1 & 2 (splitting)

Where is soerm produced

Testies

Where is sperm stored

epididymis

Male Accessory Ducts:

Epididymis Ductus (vas) Deferens Ejaculatory Duct Urethra

During ejaculation,

epididymis contracts, expelling sperm into ductus (vas) deferens Epididymis

Ductus deferens (or vas deferens)

Tube connected to the epididymis. When contracted sperm, shoots straight up into the ductus deferens

Corpus spongiosum:

-surrounds urethra and expands to form glans and bulb -help make an erection and keep the urethra open during the erection.

Corpora cavernosa

paired dorsal erectile bodies helps with erection Contain blood vessels that fail with blood to help an erection

Seminal Glands

produces 70% fluid volume of semen Increase sperm motility/fertilizing ability Sperm & seminal fluid mix in the ejaculatory duct

Prostate

secretes milky, slightly acid fluid Fluid activates sperm; accounts for 1⁄3 of semen volume 1 in 6 men develop prostate cancer; 3rd

Bulbo-urethral Gland

produce thick, clear mucus that neutralizes traces of urine Lubricates the glans penis when sexually excited Seminal Glands Prostate Bulbo-urethral gland

Is erection parasympathetic or sympathetic?

Parasympathetic

Is ejaculation parasympathetic or sympathetic

Sympathetic

structures that have functions in common and common origin during development

homologous structures

Male’s sex organs

testes

produces sperm

testes

stores sperm

epididymis

transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculation

vas deferens

fluid that neutralizes the urethra (urine) is produced by the___

bulbo-urethral gland

produces 70% of amén fluid volume; increases sperm motility/fertilizing ability

seminal gland

fluid that activates sperm is produced by the ____

prostate glad

spongy erectile tissue in the penis

corpus spongiosum and cavernosa

why does the scrotom/testes location matter ✨

sperm production to be slightly cooler then body temp

what role does the parasympathetic system play(ereectuon or ejaculation

erection;vasodilation

what role does the sympathetic l play (erection or ejaculation

ejeculation

First 14 days of the ovarian cycle. Postovulatory phase Proliferative phase Follicular phase Luteal phase

Follicular phase

Phase of the menstrual cycle that the endometrium rebuilds and there is a rising of estrogen. Postovulatory phase Proliferative phase Follicular phase Luteal phase

Proliferative phase

Phase of the ovarian cycle that occurs after ovulation; consists of corpus luteum activity Postovulatory phase Proliferative phase Follicular phase Luteal phase

Luteal phase

Phase of the female cycle that the endometrium prepares for embryo implantation; second half of the menstrual cycle Postovulatory phase Proliferative phase Follicular phase Luteal phase Postovulatory phase

Postovulatory phase

Female internal genitalia includes: Mons pubis Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Labia minora Labia majora

Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina

Female external genitalia includes: Mons pubis Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Labia minora Labia majora

Mons pubis Labia Minora Labia Majora

Male sex organ testes epididymis vas deferens prostate

Testes

Stores sperm for up to several months. testes epididymis vas deferens prostate

Epididymis

Gland that secretes a slightly acidic fluid that activates sperm testes epididymis vas deferens prostate

prostate

During a vasectomy, what male anatomy is cut and ligated? testes epididymis vas deferens prostate

Vas deferens

Produce and store the female gametes Ovaries Uterus Vagina Uterine tube

Ovaries

Usual site of fertilization Ovaries Uterus Vagina Uterine tube

Uterine tube

Its function is to receive, retain, and nourish fertilized the ovum Ovaries Uterus Vagina Uterine tube

Uterus

Lining of the uterus that sheds and is influenced by ovarian hormones perimetrium myometrium endometrium adventitia

Endometrium

What’s the Perimetrium?

Outermost serosa layer

What is Myometrium?

bulky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle ○Contracts rhythmically during childbirth

What is Endometrium?

mucosal lining ○Simple columnar epithelium ○Fertilized egg burrows into endometrium and resides there during development ○Changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles ○Shed during menstruation if no conception (~28 days)

3 layers (“coats”) of wall

Fibroelastic adventitia → outer Smooth muscle muscularis → middle Stratified squamous mucosa with rugae → inner

Acidic of Alkaline: Adult

Acidic

Acidic or alkaline: Adolescents

Alkaline more prone to infection(STD’s)

Mons pubis:

fatty area overlying pubic symphys

Labia majora

hair-covered, fatty skin folds ○Counterpart of male scrotum

Labia minora

skin folds lying within labia majora ○Counterpart of male spongy urethra of the penis

Greater vestibular glands

release mucus into vestibule for lubrication ○Counterpart of male bulbo-urethral glands

Clitoris

structure composed largely of erectile tissue ○Counterpart to the male penis

Ovarian Cycle

prepares ovum (mature egg)

Uterine Cycle

prepares uterus

Ovarian cycle → months

(~28 day) series of events associated with maturation of egg

Two consecutive phases; Follicular phase

period of vesicular follicle growth (days 1-14) ●Increased secretion of estrogen - one follicle is selected, point that ovulation occurs (mid cycle) ●Hypothalamus → GnRH (1x/month) → Anterior Pituitary → FSH/LH

Two consecutive phases; Luteal phase

period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28) ●Only 10-15% of women have 28-day cycles (up to 40 or short as 21 days) ○Follicular phase varies, but luteal phase is always 14 days from ovulation to end of cycle

Ovulation

ejection of oocyte from ripening follicle

Fraternal Twins

not identical; 2 oocytes fertilized by 2 sperms

Identical Twins -

1 oocyte fertilized by 1 sperm but early separation of daughter cells

Corpus luteum

secretes high levels of progesterone and some estrogen corpus luteum produces hormones that sustain pregnancy until placenta is ready to take over → at about 3 months

Days 0-4: Menstrual Phase

endometrium detaches & sheds (bleeding); low levels of hormones

Days 5-14: Proliferative (preovulatory) Phase

rising levels of estrogen; endometrium rebuilds; ovulation occurs at the end of this stage

Days 15-28: Secretory (postovulatory) Phase →

most constant timewise; endometrium prepares for embryo implant; a cervical plug forms to block sperm, pathogens, foreign materials, etc; 1.if fertilization does not occur the corpus luteum degenerates toward the end of this phase

Estrogens

Promote oogenesis (development of ovum) and follicle growth in ovary ○Anabolic effects on female reproductive tract Induce secondary sex characteristics ■Growth of breasts ■Increased deposit of subcutaneous fat (hips & breasts) ■Widening and lightening of pelvis

Progesterone:

Works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle ■Promotes changes in cervical mucus ■Effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy ●Inhibits uterine motility ●Helps prepare breasts for lactation

Fibroelastic adventitia

Outer

Smooth muscle muscularis

Middle

Stratified squamous mucosa with rugae

inner ■Withstand friction

concurrent: prepares ovum (mature egg)

Uterine Cycle →

prepares uterus

Days 0-4: Menstrual Phase →

endometrium detaches & sheds (bleeding); low levels of hormones

Days 5-14: Proliferative (preovulatory) Phase →

rising levels of estrogen; endometrium rebuilds; ovulation occurs at the end of this stage

Days 15-28: Secretory (postovulatory) Phase →

Homologous Reproductive Organs

Testes(M) Ovaries(F) Glans Penis(M) Glans Clitoral(F) Scrotom(M) Labia Majora(F)

T/F: An alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidity of male urethra and female vagina and enhances motility

What is seman made of?

Contains: ○Fructose → for ATP production ○Prostaglandins → viscosity of mucus ○Hormones → enhance sperm motility ○Antibiotics → destroy some bacteria ○Clotting factors → causes sperm to stick to walls of vagina

Static test

ERV, IRV, RV, TV, VC

Dynamic

forced expiratory volume, Forced expiratory volume in 1 second, Forced Vital Capacity

Role of the Renal Cortex?

Outer most layer -received >90% of blood that enters the kidneys

Role of the Renal Medulla

Secretes urine into a sac-like tubules

Role of the Renal Pelvis

Peristalsis to move urine out into the ureter

Role of the Major Calyx

Collects urine form the minor calves and then empty’s urine into Renal Pelvis

Minor Calyx role

Drain the pyramids at papillae

Exam 4(YOU GOT THIS KAS) Flashcards

(259 cards)