Exam 1 Flashcards
(283 cards)
1
Q
What is plant blindness?
A
Our world places little value on plants and are often overshadowed. BUT they are all around us.
2
Q
Do plants provide most of our food?
A
YES! Examples include wheat, apples, and celery.
3
Q
T/F: Plants provide beverages and oils.
A
YES! Olive oil and wine to name two.
4
Q
T/F: Plants can’t preserve foods.
A
They can!
5
Q
How do plants preserve foods?
A
Through their antibacterial qualities.
6
Q
Can plants kill you? Example if so?
A
Yes, poison hemlock
7
Q
What percentage of plants are derived from plants?
A
40%
8
Q
Examples of plants used in medicines?
A
Opium poppy, foxglove
9
Q
What are two plants that provide us clothing and fiber?
A
Flax and cotton
10
Q
Example of plants for construction and fuel?
A
Wood, coal
11
Q
Can plants move? Example?
A
YES! Venus Flytrap
12
Q
How do plants make their own food?
A
Photosynthesis
13
Q
How do plants add to our aesthetics?
A
Landscaping and house plants
14
Q
What plants have had an infamous past and where?
A
Cotton in the Americas and sugar cane in the Caribbean
15
Q
Why are two reasons we would die without plants?
A
Oxygen, base of food chain
16
Q
What are the origins of the Christmas tree? Common species?
A
Pagan, pine or fir
17
Q
Holly origins? Use?
A
Northern Europe, pagan, ward off evil spirits
18
Q
What is mistletoe? Classic use?
A
hemiparasite, attaches to trees, kissing under mistetoe
19
Q
Poinsettia origin?
A
Mexico
20
Q
Frankincense origin? What is it? Uses? Value?
A
Red sea, resin from bark, incense, more valuable than gold
21
Q
Myrrh origin? What is it? Uses?
A
Horn of Africa and Arabia, Resin, perfumes, incense, embalming, medicine
22
Q
What is the oil of Hanukkah made out of? Use?
A
Olive oil, burning
23
Q
Where was CC from?
A
Italy
24
Q
What were his professions? (2)
A
Navigator and sailor
25
Who supported his western route and why?
Spain because they also believed world was round could reach Asia westward
26
What did CC want from Asia?
Spices
27
Use of spices?
Food preservation
28
What happened instead of discovering Asia?
Discovered Americas in 1492
29
What did this discovery cause?
European immigration and exploration, eventually Columbian Exchange
30
What was the Columbian Exchange?
Movement of plants, animals, and diseases from Old World to New World, redistribution of organisms
31
Where is sugarcane from?
Polynesia
32
Where did CC take sugar cane to?
Bahamas
33
Did sugar cane grow well in Bahamas?
Yes, very well
34
What happened to native peoples in Bahamas?
Enslaved and Went extinct
35
How did plantation owners fix this problem?
Sent over African slaves
36
What is the infamous triangle?
Transfer or sugar cane, rum, and slaves
37
Two steps in sugar cane harvesting
burning and crushing
38
Did many slaves die?
Yes 1 per 1 ton of sugar cane in 1700s and 1 per 2 tons of sugar cane in 1800s
39
What did these deaths influence the debate of?
Declaration of Independence
40
Did sugar not made by slaves eventually become more valuable?
Yes
41
What happened when an expedition set out to find Breadfruit for slaves?
Lt Bligh and a few men mutinied off ship, survived though
42
What are the two types of names given to plants?
Common names/Scientific Names
43
What does latinized mean?
italics or underlined
44
How many parts are in a scientific name?
2
45
What are the two parts of a binomial system?
Genus, specific epithet
46
How should you write a scientific name?
Genus capitalized, specific epithet lowercase italics
47
Who taught Theophrastus and what did he do?
Student of Aristotle and Plato, named over 500 plants
48
What did Linnaeus do?
Classified all known plants and animals, created binomial system, taxonomic hierarchy, and divided plants by repro structure
49
What is the L. in the scientific name?
Authority
49
What is the taxonomic hierarchy?
Kingdom, phylum, plant, order, family, genus, species
50
What are the three superkingdoms or domains?
archaea, eubacteria, eukaryotes
51
What are the 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes?
Fungi, protists, animals, plants
51
Example of Archaea?
Methanogen bacteria
52
Protists uni or multicellular? Plants? Animals? Fungi?
BOTH, rest multicellular
53
Example of Eubacteria?
Bluegreen algae
54
Eubacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Archaea? Uni or multicellular?
Prokaryotes, Unicellular
54
What are cladistics a tool for?
tool for determining relationships, based on shared derived characteristics
55
What is a character state?
value or form of a character
56
What is primitive?
ancestral
57
What is derived?
advanced
58
What is a cladogram?
treelike diagram of descent
59
What does a node represent?
divergence between two lines of evolution
60
What does a branch represent?
Common ancestor
61
What is a herbarium?
Collections of preserved plants and fungi?
62
What uses do preserved plants have?
Taxonomy, ecology, biodiversity, DNA, medicinals
63
What type of group is algae?
Polyphyletic
64
Example of red algae?
Rhodophyta
65
Example of brown algae?
Chromophyta
66
Example of Green algae?
chlorophyta
67
Group fungi?
Polyphyletic
68
What does heterotrophic mean?
Feeds on organic matter
69
Example of zygomycota?
black bread molds
70
Example of ascomycota?
Cup fungi
71
Example of basidiomycota?
club fungi
72
Are bryophytes polyphyletic?
NO
73
Example of byrophytes?
Mosses
74
Example of hepaticophyta?
Liverworts
75
Example of Anthocerophyta?
Hornworts
76
Are ferns polyphyletic?
NO
77
Example of Lycophyta?
Lycopods
78
Example of polypodiophyta?
Ferns
79
Example of equisetophyta?
Horsetails
80
Example of psilotophyta?
Whisk ferns
81
Example of pinophyta?
conifers
81
Are gymnosperms polyphyletic?
Yes
82
Example of cycadophyta?
cycads
83
Example of gnetophyta?
ephedra
84
Example of ginkgophyta?
gingko
85
Are angiosperms polyphyletic?
No, monophyletic
86
Largest group of plants?
Angiosperms?
87
Most recent group?
Angiosperms
88
Most successful plant group?
Angiosperms
89
Flowering plant group?
Angiosperm
90
Two major groups of angiosperms? smaller group?
monocots, eudicots; basal angiosperms
91
Characteristics of basal angiosperms?
both monocots and eudicots, primitive features
92
Family of Poaceae? Araceae? Orchidaceae? Liliaceae?
grass, palm, orchid, lily
93
Family of ranunculaceae?
buttercup
94
Family of lamiaceae?
mint
95
Examples of solanaceae?
nightshade, tobacco, potato, tomato
96
family of rosaceae? examples?
rose; apple, rose
97
Genetic field involves?
heredity
98
Systematics involves?
evolutionary relationships
99
Cytology involves?
cellular structure and interactions
100
Anatomy involves?
internal plant structure
101
Morphology involves?
External plant structure
102
Ecology involves?
Environmental interactions
102
Plant physiology involves?
Plant function
103
Pathology involves?
Plant diseases
104
What is ethnobotany?
how indigenous pops make use of plants
104
What is economic botany?
relationship between people and plants
105
What is phytosociology?
communities and the relationships between species of plants
106
What is biometeorology?
a newish subfield that relates plants with environment
107
What is plant ecology?
ecology of vascular plants on land and in wetland ecosystems
108
What is phycology?
algae
109
What is horticulture?
Cultivating plants
110
What is agronomy?
soil management and study as it relates to crop management
111
What is paleobotany?
fossils
112
What is plant taxonomy?
categorizing plant species using DNA analysis
113
What is paleoclimatology?
how plants have contributed to the atmosphere through history, how plants are historical indicators of climate
114
What is palynology?
forensic botany
115
What is bryology?
mosses and liverworts
116
What is dendrology?
woody plants
117
What is lichenology?
lichens
118
What is pteridology?
ferns and fern allies
119
What is xyology?
study of structure of wood
120
What is forensic botany?
using plants in legal, criminal investigations
121
What is biotechnology?
genetic mods of living organisms to produce useful products
122
What is the universe composed of?
Matter and energy
123
Characteristics of matter?
occupies space and has mass
composed of elements
124
What is in the nucleus of an atom?
Protons, neutrons
125
What orbits nucleus?
Electrons
126
What defines elements?
Number of protons
127
Electrons interact to form what?
Chemical bonds
128
129
129
130
131
What are compounds?
2 or more atoms connected by electron interactions
132
What do organic compounds contain?
carbon
133
What is the backbone of organic molecules? How many bonds?
C, 4
134
What is a polymer?
Chains of repeating identical or similar molecular subunits
135
What is synthesis?
forms polymers from monomers
136
What is hydrolysis?
breaks down polymers to monomers, aids in digestion
137
What are carbs?
sugar
138
Carbs composed of? Ratio? Suffix?
C, H, O; CH_2O; -ose
139
What is a monosaccharide? Example?
simple sugar, fructose
140
What is a disaccharide? Example?
Two sugar molecules bonded, sucrose
141
What are polysaccharides? Example? Polymers of what?
Complex carbs, starch, monosaccharaides
142
Functions of carbs?
Energy, Storage, Structure
143
Starches are made of what type of polymer?
glucose
144
Inulin is made of what type of polymer?
Fructose
145
3 types of carb structure?
Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin
146
What are hemicelluloses?
gluey, bind microfibrils
147
What are pectins? Example?
Galacturonic acid polymer
jelly
Agar
148
Lipid composed of?
C, H, O
149
Lipid function?
energy source and storage
150
What are triglycerides?
neutral fats
151
Are fats saturated or unsaturated? What does this mean?
Saturated, solid at room temp
152
Are oils saturated or unsaturated? What does this mean?
unsaturated, liquid at room temp
153
fatty acids and glycerol are connected by what?
Esther linkages
154
What makes saturated fats?
no double bonds, straight chain, solid at RT
155
What makes unsaturated fats?
One or more double bonds
Bend in chain
liquid at RT
156
What is significant about a trans fatty acid?
Does not bend but has double bond, acts like saturated fat
157
What are phospholipids and what are they composed of?
major structural units of cell membranes; hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
158
What are steroids?
complex molecules consisting of rings of C atoms
159
Functions of steroids?
membrane structure, hormones
160
Look over basic steroid structure *********
_______________________
161
Name 4 functions of proteins.
Structure, storage of energy, contraction (muscle), enzymes
162
What is protein a polymer of?
amino acids
163
Protein composition?
C, H, O, N, S
164
Two groups of proteins?
amino group, carboxyl group
165
What is the r group?
variable group, defines properties of each amino acid
166
How many proteins in living things?
20
167
Two types of nucleic acids?
DNA, RNA
168
DNA function?
information storage, nucleus of cell
169
RNA function?
information processing
170
What does the order of bases convey?
genetic information
170
4 types of bases?
A, T, C, G
171
Information flow?
DNA--copied--> RNA ---read--> protein
172
What is secondary metabolism?
metabolism of chemicals that occur irregularly or rarely among plants
173
What are groupings of compounds based on?
structural similarities
biosynthetic pathways
kinds of plants that make them
174
What do secondary metabolites often occur with?
one or more sugars
175
3 functions of secondary metabolites?
protein and defense, chemical attractants, plant-plant competition,
176
How does protection work in secondary metabolites?
herbivory and microbial pathology
177
What do chemical attractants do?
attract pollinators and seed dispersers
178
How does Plant-plant competition work?
Allelopathy, growth inhibitors
179
What element do alkaloids contain?
N
180
What is the largest class of secondary metabolites?
Alkaloids
181
Examples of plants with alkaloids?
Pea, sunflower, poppy
182
What is coniine?
nerve toxin, poison hemlock
183
What is strychnine?
nerve stimulant and convulsant; from strychnine tree
184
What is tomatine?
Antiherbivore in tomatoes
185
What is tubocurarine?
Arrow poison, muscle relaxant, curare tree
186
Morphine?
painkiller, opium poppy
187
Codeine?
cough suppressant, opium poppy
188
What is quinine?
Malaria treatment, quinine tree
188
What is vincristine?
Leukemia treatment, Madagascar periwinkle
188
Atropine?
Dilate pupil of the eye and antinerve gas agent, belladonna
189
What is caffeine?
stimulant, coffee and tea
190
Cocaine?
Anesthetic, coca plant
191
What are polymers composed of?
dimers and polymers of 5-C isoprene units (C_5H_8)
192
What are monoterpenes? Examples?
2 isoprene units; essential oils
193
Isoprenes often what? What does this cause?
evaporate; haze
194
Diterpenes units? Tri?
4, 6
195
What are sterols? Used in?
triterpenes, membrane structure
196
Carotenoids units? Pigments?
8 units, yellow and red
197
Rubber units?
6000 units
198
What is the milky fluid in plants?
Latex
199
What role does abscissic have? Units?
plant hormone, 3
200
Gibberellins? Type of terpene?
plant hormone, diterpene
201
Menthol use? Plant?
cough medicines, mints and eucalyptus
202
Camphor use? Plant?
Disinfectant, camphor tree
203
Nepetalactone use?
Catnip, attractive to cats
204
Smilagenine use? Plant?
steroidal glycoside, sarsaparilla
205
Taxol use? Plant?
Anticancer agent, Pacific Yew tree
206
Lycopene pigment? Plant?
Red, tomatoes
207
Digitalin use? Plant?
Heart medicine, foxglove
208
Oleandrin use? Plant?
Heart poison, oleander
209
Phenolic composition?
fully unsaturated 6-C ring linked to O
210
Examples of simple phenolics?
single ring with simple side groups
salicylic acid
211
What is the name of complex phenolics with a 3-C side chain
phenylpropanoids
212
What does phenyl mean? prop?
ring, 3
213
What two amino acids are formed with phenolics?
Tyrosine and phenylalanine
214
What is flavor on nutmeg called?
myristicin
215
What are flavonoids?
Phenylpropanoids condensed into complex 3-ringed structures
216
What are anthocyanins?
Red and blue pigments of some flowers
217
What are flavonoids thought to lower?
cholesterol
218
What are tannins? Use in plants? Sequestered where?Wine?
polymers of flavonoids, deterrent to herbivores, sequestered in vacuole, dryness
219
Lignin what? Use?
polymer of phenylpropanoids, secondary cell wall, wood
220
What is salicin?
folk medicine for headaches
221
What is cyanidine glucoside? Example?
deep red pigment, mums
222
What is limonin? Example?
bitter flavor, grapefruit
223
What family are mustard oil glycosides in?
Mustard family
224
What family are nonprotein amino acids in?
Legume family
225
Example of plant with cyanogenic glycosides?
apples
226
What is the function of glycoside stored in the vacuole?
release cyanide when hydrolyzed when cell destroyed
227
Who identified cells? How?
Robert Hooke, cork cells
227
Who established cell theory? What was it?
Schwann and Schleiden, all organisms made of cells
228
Size of dividing root cell?
12 um
229
Size of lily epidermal cell?
45 x 143 x 14 um
230
Why are cells small?
minimum surface area required to service volume
231
As radius increase surface area and volume increase by what?
squared, cubed
232
How do cells circumnavigate being small?
long and thin, fat and inert core, pleat membrane
233
Do eukaryotic cells have defined nucleus?
Yes
234
What is the outer bounding membrane called? Function?
plasma membrane; divides inside from outside environment
235
What can embedded proteins do?
can move within lipid bilayer
236
Components of bilayer of phospholipid?
hydrophilic head outside, hydrophobic tail inside
237
Functions of membrane proteins?
semipermeable, pumps, enzymes, cellular environment
238
What is protoplasm?
living matter of cell
239
What are organelles?
small organs
240
What is the nucleus?
spherical, central, heredity and cellular control, DNA in chromosomes
241
What is Endoplasmic reticulum? Two types?
Network of internal membrane sacs, rough and smooth
242
Rough ER composition? Function?
covered by ribosomes, protein synthesis
243
Smooth ER composition? Function?
no ribosomes, lipid synthesis and detoxification
244
What are dictyosomes or golgi? Function?
stacks of membrane sacs, secretion
245
What are ribosomes? Function?
RNA granules, protein synthesis
246
What do microbodies look like? Function?
small, spherical; catalase
247
Composition of mitochondria? Function?
double membrane, aerobic respiration
248
Plastid composition?
double membrane
249
Chloroplast function? Amyloplast? Chromoplast?
photosynthesis, store starch, pigments
250
What are flagella? Function?
cellular extension, internal framework; movement
251
What is the central vacuole? Function?
membrane bound sac; water storage, wastes, nutrients, pigments
252
What is cytosol?
surrounds organelles, made of water and dissolved substances
253
What is cytoskeleton? Function?
protein fibers and tubes, shape and rigidity
254
Location of cell wall?
outside the cell membrane
255
What is the primary wall composed of?
cellulose microfibrils
256
Where is the primary wall secreted?
membrane, outside the cell membrane
257
What binds microfibrils?
hemicelluloses
258
What is the middle lamella function? Composed of?
glues adjacent cells, pectins
259
Two stains in microscopy? what are they made of? Color?
fast green (cellulose), safranin (lignin) red
260
What is a microtome?
section of the plant part
261
Where is the secondary wall secreted? Contains? Thinner or thicker than primary? Functions? Example?
inside primary wall, lignin, thicker, rigidity, wood or fiber
262
What are pits?
openings for exchange of materials
263
What are plasmodesmata? Types of cells? Function of cell?
small direct cellular connections, secretory, direct movement of materials
264
What are parenchyma? Common or rare? Metabolic activity? Alive at maturity?
primary wall, thin, Common, most metabolically active, yes
265
What is collenchyma? Alive at maturity?
unevenly thickened primary wall, yes
266
What is plastic support?
Elongating shoot tips that need support but must remain flexible
267
Composition of sclerenchyma? Alive at maturity?
primary and secondary, no
268
Why are sclerenchyma dead at maturity?
programmed cell death, cell wall remains
269
Two functions of sclerenchyma?
mechanical and transport
270
What are sclerids?
Various shapes, protection
271
What are fibers?
elongate with tapered ends
272
What do tracheids and vessels do?
transport water
