Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
Shoot
A
includes the stem and leaf, sexual reproductive structures, above base of plant
2
Q
Root
A
asexual reproduction, below base of plant
3
Q
Proximal Position
A
towards base
4
Q
Distal Position
A
away from base
5
Q
Determinate Growth
A
in animals fixed growth it ends
6
Q
Indeterminate Growth
A
plants keep growing (other than dormancy), life span much longer in plants
7
Q
Primary Growth
A
length growth forms sexual organs
8
Q
Secondary Growth
A
width used for structure and support, seen in woody plants
9
Q
Apical Meristems Growth
A
primary growth is apical tips of shoots and roots
10
Q
Lateral Meristems Growth
A
secondary growth lateral sides of stem and root
11
Q
Three Parts of Seed
A
Seed Coat, Embryo, Food Storage
12
Q
Seed Coat
A
derived from parental tissue
13
Q
Stored Food
A
Endosperm
14
Q
Exalbuminous
A
bean absorbed into cotyledons
15
Q
Albuminous
A
corn endosperm separate and visible
16
Q
Plumule
A
first leaves
17
Q
Hypocotyl
A
stem between cotyledons and root
18
Q
Radicle
A
embryonic root
19
Q
Cotyledons
A
specialized leaves (two in beans)
20
Q
Epicotyl
A
above cotyledons
20
Q
Seed Germination Requirements
A
light-required by some seeds, oxygen, water-seed imbibes water and expands and bursts coat. temperature - ideal temp 25 C
21
Q
Scarification, Examples?
A
opening coat, mechanical breaking, animals, fire, washout in streambed
22
Q
What forms first?
A
Radicle
23
Q
Epigeal
A
cotyledon forms above ground and drops off ie bean
24
Hypogeal
cotyledon forms below ground ie pea and corn
25
Monocots
some have coleozhiza and coleoptile
25
Apical meristem
few divisions, is a reserve
26
Taproot
primary root (radicle), grows downwards, lateral roots
27
Root Hair
extension of single epidermal cell
27
Fibrous Roots
primary root dies and roots grow from stem ex. Adventitious roots, grasses
27
Zone of Maturation
includes root hairs which are extensions of single epidermal cells
28
Zone of Elongation
primary meristems, cells elongate
29
Apical meristem/zone of cell division
produce cells for root and root cap
30
Protoderm
epidermal tissue
31
Root cap
primary protection to apical meristem, produces gel for lubrication, cells die from contact so constantly reformed
31
Ground meristem
cortex and endodermis
31
Provascular tissue/procambium
vascular tissue, xylem and phloem
32
Storage roots
not visible, more stable environment
32
Root hairs
no cuticle, can be route of infection for symbiotic bacteria
32
Origin of lateral roots
come from internal, initiated in pericycle, organizes into root structure, grows outward, digests tissue as it grows
33
Zone of maturation
includes root hairs-epidermal cell extensions and cortical cells- transfer nutrients and water to vascular tissue
33
Orchid roots
epiphytes- grow on other plants for support, roots covered with velamin (prevents water loss)
34
Pinnate
main veins arise from midvein
34
Simple Leaf
One part
35
Prop Roots
adventitious, support
36
Compound leaf
lamina divided into leaflets
36
Lobular
smooth
37
Venation
xylem and phloem
37
Palmate
main veins arise from one point
38
Margin
edge
39
Abscission structures
between leaf and stem, perpendicular to petiole
39
Dentate
teeth
40
Abscission process
either seasonally or continuously, hormonal changes and minerals shift to stems
leaf scar, cell walls weaken and become corky, leaf falls off and leaves scar
41
Epidermis
transparent, contains stomata- controlled openings for gas exchange, typically on lower surface
41
Stomata
2 guard cells, subsidiary cells, stoma in between guard cells, gas exchange open when turgid, flaccid stoma closes
42
Hairs
trichomes, reduce air movement which reduces water loss, shade, protection from predators
42
Cuticle
covers surface of plant, prevents water loss and protection from fungi and bacteria
43
Mesophyll
interior ground tissue and photosynthetic
44
Spongy
lower surface, loose order
44
Palisade
upper surface, cells elongate
44
Vascular bundles
contains xylem and phloem, surrounded by parenchyma= bundle sheath
45
Xylem
Water transport
45
Phloem
Sugar transport
45
Leaf Development
initiated at stem tip, leaf primordium develops into leaf (is a small cone of cells), lamina expands through diffuse meristematic growth, stops growing when reaches maturity
46
Adaxial
toward the stem
46
Abaxial
away from the stem
47
Succulent leaves
leaves thick leaves for water storage
47
Conifers
awls, needles, scales, adapted for drier and colder environment
48
Hydrophytes
air pockets, little cuticle
49
Bud scales
protect apex
50
Tendrils
support
51
Spines
protection
52
Insect traps
absorb only mineral nutrients
53
Bracts
attracts pollinators
54
Asexual Reproduction
plantlets ex. Kalanchoe
55
Stem Functions
support leaves, photosynthesis ie cactus, storage (water, minerals, carbs), transport (water, minerals, sugars)
56
Nodes
point of attachment on stem
57
Internodes
spaces between nodes, grow and spread leaves apart
58
Phyllotaxy
important positioning of leaves to maximize photosynthesis
59
Opposite
together (2 at node)
59
Alternate
not connected (one leaf at node)
60
Whorled
three or more leaves attached at one node
61
Desscuate
(2 nodes 90 degrees)
62
Spiraled
one leaf per node not neighboring
63
Fibonacci Series
add numbers next to each other
64
Epidermis
outermost layer
65
Cortex
parenchyma(used for storage and transport)
66
Vascular bundles
near center of stem, xylem inside, phloem outside
67
Pith
center
68
Primary stem Growth
length, shoot apical meristem, after new cells form they elongate pushing up apical meristem
69
Primary meristems
protoderm-epidermis
provascular tissue-xylem and phloem ground meristem- pith and cortex
70
Dichotomous
equal division
70
Age of twig
bud scars indicate growth
71
Lateral branches
main axis with side branching, can be modified into thorns (sclerenchyma and sharp for protection)
72
Tree
main axes with side branches, very tall
73
Shrub
many smaller branches, short
74
Vine
long flexible internodes
75
Stolon
long ,along surface of ground, ie strawberries
76
Rosette
very short stems, flowering stem may be longer
77
Bulb
short stem with fleshy leaves
78
Tuber
underground, storage
78
Corm
short stem with papery leaves
79
Spines
modified leaves
79
Rhizome
elongated stem
80
Thorns
modified stems/branches
81
Prickles
epidermal emergences-rose
