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Plant Life > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which direction is distal?

A

Away from the base/attachment

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2
Q

What direction is proximal?

A

Towards the base/attachment

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3
Q

What is primary growth? Adds what? What plants?

A

Length, adds new organs, all plants

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4
Q

What is secondary growth? Adds? What plants?

A

Girth, tissue and strength, woody plants

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5
Q

What are meristems?

A

Areas of active cell division

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6
Q

Primary growth type of meristem? Where?

A

Apical; tips of shoots and roots

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7
Q

Secondary growth type of meristem?

A

Lateral; sides of stem and root

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8
Q

Meristems are permanently what?

A

embryonic tissues

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9
Q

What type of organization are plants under?

A

modular

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10
Q

What is modular organization?

A

ability to continually develop new organs and tissues

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11
Q

What types of growth do plants have?

A

Indeterminate

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12
Q

Where does an ovule develop? What does it contain? When fertilized, it become what?

A

ovary of carpel; egg; seed

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13
Q

What happens when the zygote divides?

A

Embryo forms

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14
Q

What is the embryonic shoot?

A

small bud with first foliage leaves

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15
Q

What are cotyledons a part of? Function?

A

Embryo, storage of nutrients

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16
Q

What is the radicle?

A

embryonic root

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17
Q

What is the plumule?

A

Embryonic shoot with first leaves

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18
Q

Three parts of seeds?

A

Seed coat, embryo, stored food

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19
Q

What is the seed coat derived from?

A

parental tissue

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20
Q

What is the hypocotyl? Epicotyl?

A

stem between cotyledons and root; above cotyledons

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21
Q

What are cotyledons?

A

specialized leaves

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22
Q

What is the stored food called? Is it always seen?

A

Endosperms, no stored in cotyledons

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23
Q

Requirements for seed germination? (4)

A

Water, temperature, light, oxygen

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24
Q

What is the function of water?

A

seed imbibes water, expands and bursts coat

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25
Ideal temperature for germination?
25 C
26
Is light required by all seeds?
NO
27
Examples of scarification?
1. External mechanical breaking of seed coat 2. Fire 3. Animals 4. Washout in streambed
28
Two other examples of requirement?
Cold period, Water to leach out inhibitors
29
What emerges first during seedling development?
radicle emerges first
30
What is epigeal? Example?
hypocotyl emerges, pulls cotyledons from ground, cotyledons unfold, epicotyl grows, cotyledons drop off Beans
31
What is hypogeal?
cotyledons remain underground
32
What are functions of roots?
1. Anchorage 2. Absorption and conduction of water and minerals 3. Production of hormones 4. Storage 5. Asexual Repro
33
What is the radicle?
Primary roots
34
What is a taproot system? Primary lives or dies?
× grows downward × numerous lateral roots, which may also branch Lives
35
What is a fibrous root? Primary lives or dies? Types of plants?
× adventitious roots *form from stem × branch roots Dies Monocots, grasses
36
Functions of root cap? Cells secrete what?
Protect apical meristem, mucigel that lubricates, provide food for bacteria and fungi
37
How do cells divide on root cap?
toward tip and root cap
38
What happens to cells on root cap?
Destroyed, constantly replaced
39
Function of root apical meristem?
Produces cells for root and root cap
40
What is the zone of elongation? Where?
Cells elongated, behind apical meristem
40
What is the quiescent center?
central area, few divisions, a reserve
41
What are the 3 primary meristems?
protoderm, provascular tissue, ground meristem
42
Protoderm type of tissue?
epidermis
42
What zone is the region of maturation?
root hair zone
43
Ground meristem tissues?
Cortex and endodermis
44
Provascular tissue type of tissue? Two structures?
vascular tissue; xylem and phloem
45
What direction do root hairs grow? Extensions of what?
Outward; epidermal cell
45
What are mature tissues?
Lateral roots
46
Appearance and function of cortical cells?
Elongate, transfer nutrients and water to vascular tissue
47
What is the rhizosphere? Interactions?
Region around root; fungi and bacteria
47
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Process of origin of lateral roots? Internal external? Initiated where? Organizes into what? Growth direction?
Internal; Internal; pericycle, root structure, grows outward
47
What is the endodermis?
innermost layer of the cortex
47
What is the casperian strip? Function?
Cells impregnated with suberin in donut shape, forms barrier between cortex and vascular tissue
48
Characteristics of storage roots?
not visible, more stable
48
What are contractile roots? Function?
Shortens root, pulls stem into ground, maintain stem at proper depth
48
How do xylem and phloem extend?
Alternate radii
49
Benefits of fungi and bacteria?
× Reduce effects of pathogens × Increase uptake of nutrients and water by plant × Receive nutrients from plant
49
What are prop roots? Function?
Adventitious, support
50
How do fungi and bacteria acquire nutrients from rhizosphere?
Sloughed off dead root cells and secretions
50
What does velamin contain? Function?
layer of dead cells, prevents water loss
50
What are orchid aerial roots? Roots covered with what? Type of plants?
Grow on other plants for support, velamin, epiphyte
50
Percentage of plants with mycorrizhae?
more than 80%
50
What are parasitic roots? Mechanism?Function? Example?
Secrete adhesive, grow into host plant, contact xylem and phloem connection, mistletoe
51
Plant is a source of what for fungus?
Carbs
51
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Nitrogen fixation mostly completed by what type of plant?
Legumes
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Nitrogen fixation process?
× bacteria enter root at root hair × bacterial cells induce cortex to form nodule × nodule excludes oxygen gas - N-fixation is anaerobic
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Plant Life (8 decks)

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