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Physiology 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Totipotent

A

Early embryos; can become any cell or whole organism

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2
Q

Pluripotent

A

Can become any tissue not organism

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3
Q

Multipotent

A

Can differentiate into any cell within a lineage

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4
Q

Oligopotent

A

Can form a few cell types within a lineage

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5
Q

Unipotent

A

Specialized, can only make more of its own cell type

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6
Q

Transcription factors

A

proteins that bind to specific genes and promote or inhibit expression of that gene (promoters and repressors and enhancers)

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7
Q

How do hormones exert their functions

A

Through receptors- act as hormone dependent transcription factors

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8
Q

4 tissue types

A

Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

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9
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

cells specialized for exchange or barrier (sheets, glands) endocrine exocrine

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10
Q

Connective tissue

A

Few cells embedded in extracellular matrix- tendons, bone, cartilage

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11
Q

what does skin contain

A

Epithelial tissue, collagen fibroblasts, keratinocytes

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12
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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13
Q

Cardiac muscle characteristics

A

Involuntary, intercalated discs, gap junctions

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14
Q

Smooth muscle characteristics

A

Inner circular, outer longitudinal

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15
Q

Multinucleated

A

Lots of nuclei, found in skeletal muscle

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16
Q

Intercalated discs

A

In cardiac muscle- allow it to function in coordination

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17
Q

Functional syncytium

A

discs and gap junctions allow synchronicity of cells

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18
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Transmit and receive electrical impulses- found in brain, spinal cord, nerves

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19
Q

What does nervous tissue do

A

Controls secretions and contractions through the innervated muscles and glands

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20
Q

Embryonic origin

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm layers

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21
Q

Tissue membranes (CT/epithelial)

A

Mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial

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22
Q

What do connective tissue membranes do

A

Encapsulate organs, line joints (synovial membrane)

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23
Q

Fibroblasts secrete what

A

Hyaluronic acid- traps water/lubricates

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24
Q

Epithelial membranes job

A

Anchored to underlying CT or lamina propria

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25
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Line external surfaces, secrete mucus

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26
Q

Serous membranes

A

Mesothelium, internal organs (pleura, pericardium)

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27
Q

Cutaneous membranes

A

Skin, stratified squamous, dead keratinized cells

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28
Q

Epithelial tissue characteristics

A

Sheets and glands, have polarity, have a basal and reticular lamina, replace lost cells

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29
Q

What is the basal lamina attached to

A

Glycoproteins/collagen

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30
Q

1st epithelial barrier jobs

A

Protection, transport, secretion, cell junctions

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31
Q

3 types of cell junctions

A

Tight junctions, anchoring junctions, gap junctions

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32
Q

Tight junctions

A

Barrier (blood-brain barrier, zonula occludens)

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33
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

Plaques or patches

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34
Q

Gap junctions

A

Open passage- ions, small molecules

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35
Q

Desmosomes

A

Cell to cell junctions (cell adhesion molecules) made by cadherin

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36
Q

Hemi-desmosomes

A

Cell to ECM- Integrins vs cadhedrins

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37
Q

Zonula adherins

A

Attach to actin- contractile ,cell shape

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38
Q

Placement of simple squamous epithelia

A

Lining of alveoli in lungs, part of kidney

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39
Q

Placement of pseudostratified columnar epithelia

A

Airways, epididymis, uterine endometrium, heterogeneous epithelia

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40
Q

Where is transitional epithelia at

A

Urinary system

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41
Q

stratified squamous epithelia

A

Keratinized and non keratinized, stratified cuboidal and columnar is uncommon- ducts

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42
Q

What is albinism

A

Congenital absence of melanin, enzyme tyrosinase is absent- 100 genes are known to affect albinism

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43
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Endocrine glands (ductless, secrete hormones) Exocrine glands (have ducts, secrete milk, sweat)

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44
Q

Gland structure

A

tubular, coiled, branch, compound vs simple

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45
Q

3 modes of secretion

A

Merocrine, apocrine, hemocrine

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46
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

The cell remains intact

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47
Q

Hemocrine secretion

A

Cell is destroyed as it releases its product- cell itself becomes part of the secretion

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48
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Apical portion of the cell is released as well

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49
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Produce sebum- fatty acids, triglycerides (most attached to hair follicles- holocrine secretion)

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50
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Connect, storage, trasnport

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51
Q

Elements of connective tissue

A

Cells, protein fibers, amorphous ground substance, makes up ground substance, dispersed in ECM

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52
Q

What does CT contain

A

Cells, gels, and fiber

53
Q

Lanolin

A

Wax secreted from the sebaceous glands of wool bearing animals

54
Q

3 main categories of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper, supportive CT, fluid CT (blood, bone, cartilage)

55
Q

Fixed cells in CT

A

Fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells

56
Q

Wandering cells

A

Immune cells- migrate to respond (Macrophages, lymphocytes)

57
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Most abundant

58
Q

Adipocytes

A

White and brown fat- brown for shivering newborns

59
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Multipotent adult stem cells

60
Q

macrophages

A

Phagocytize, secrete cytokines

61
Q

Mast cells

A

Degranulate, histamine and heparin

62
Q

Collagen ( 1 main type of fiber)

A

Triple helix, flex but strong, ligaments and tendons

63
Q

Elastic fiber (1 main type of fiber)

A

Mostly elastin- skin and elastic ligaments

64
Q

Reticular fiber (1 main type of fiber)

A

Type III collagen, finer branching network, soft organs

65
Q

Stroma

A

supporting connective tissue

66
Q

parenchyma

A

functional part of an organ and blood vessels and nerves

67
Q

Regular dense CT

A

parallel fibers, ligaments, elastic

68
Q

Irregular dense CT

A

Direction of fibers is random- mesh/layers, dermis of skin and arterial walls

69
Q

Cartilage

A

secreted by chondrocytes, lacunae is the space they occupy- avascular (no blood supply)

70
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

most common, short collagen fibers, rib cage and nose

71
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

tough, thick bundles of collagen, meniscus of knee

72
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

contains elastin with collagen, rigid support, pinna of ears

73
Q

Bone

A

Cells- osteoblasts, gels- glycoproteins, fibers- collagen, mineral- hydroxyapatite

74
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

natural mineral form of calcium apitite

75
Q

What does bone do

A

Provides protection and structural support

76
Q

Bone ECM

A

mostly collagen fibers embedded in mineralized ground substance

77
Q

Osteocytes

A

In bone lacunae

78
Q

Bone formation/ remodeling

A

Bone is highly vascular and remodels continuously

79
Q

Two types of ossification

A

Flat bones (intramembranous) long bones (endochondral)

80
Q

Lymph

A

Essentially ECF, delivers absorbed dietary fats to circulation

81
Q

Platelets

A

cell fragments of megakaryocytes- clotting

82
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells- buffy coat

83
Q

Red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

84
Q

Blood and lymph

A

Cells circulate in fluid matrix- derived from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

85
Q

Characteristics of muscle tissue

A

Excitable, contractile, voluntary or involuntary cardiac, smooth, skeletal

86
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Myocytes from myoblasts, (multinucleated), encased by connective tissue AT EVERY LEVEL, striations (actin and myosin)

87
Q

Epimysium

A

Dense, irregular CT that surrounds the entire muscle

88
Q

Perimysium

A

a thinner CT that bundles muscle fibers into a fascicle

89
Q

Endomysium

A

A fine CT layer that surrounds each muscle fiber

90
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Cardiomyocyte, single cell, attached by intercalated discs

91
Q

Functional syncytium

A

electrochemical and mechanical functions of cardiac tissue (acts as a whole)

92
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Involuntary, spindle shaped cell, no striations, single cell, (digestive urinary, and repro systems)

93
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Excitable, sends and receives electrochemical signals

94
Q

Two types of nervous tissue

A

Neuron and neuroglia

95
Q

Neurons

A

Axons insulated by myelin sheaths (insulate axons)

96
Q

What create myelin sheaths

A

Schwann cells

97
Q

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness, heat, pain, swelling, loss of function

98
Q

Repairing skin

A

Clotting, fibroblasts secrete collagen, angiogenesis, primary union (small wound) secondary union (gaping wound)

99
Q

What kind of system does the endocrine system to use for signaling

A

Chemical signals- endocrine glands produce hormones that bind to receptors on target cells

100
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Protein, promotes growth of body tissues

101
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Peptide, promotes milk production from mammary glands

102
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Glycoprotein, stimulates thyroid hormone release from thyroid

103
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH)

A

Peptide, stimulates hormone release by adrenal cortex

104
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Glycoprotein, stimulates gamete production in gonads

105
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Stimulates androgen production by gonads

106
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

peptide, stimulates melanin formation in melanocytes

107
Q

Proteins and peptides must do what

A

Bind to receptors on the cells surface (too big to get in)- second messenger system

108
Q

Steroids (cytosolic) and amins (nuclear) and do what

A

Use intracellular receptors-Enter the cell through the plasma membrane

109
Q

cAMP activation

A

Hormone binds to membrane receptor- binding activates a G protein- activates adenylyl cyclase- converts ATP to cAMP- activates protein kinase- phosphorylates proteins in the cytoplasm- can now alter cell activity

110
Q

What does phosphodiesterase do

A

De phosphorylates- self limiting

111
Q

Second messengers

A

CA ions, DAG, IP3

112
Q

Downregulation

A

Reducing the number of receptors (if high hormone level)

113
Q

Up regulation

A

Increasing the number of receptors (if low hormone level)

114
Q

Hormone interactions

A

Permissive, antagonistic, synergistic

115
Q

Permissive

A

One hormone must be present for another one to have its effect

116
Q

Synergistic

A

More than one hormone causes a greater response than either of them individually (multiply effect)

117
Q

Antagonistic

A

One blocks the effects of the other- or reduces

118
Q

3 parts of pituitary gland

A

Anterior, posterior and intermediate pituitary

119
Q

Portal system

A

Blood is delivered from the hypothalamus to the pituitary - acts on pituitary cells

120
Q

What happens on the anterior pituitary side

A

Hypothalamic hormones work to regulate six main hormones

121
Q

What releases growth hormone

A

Hypothalamus releases GHRH which stimulates the A pituitary gland to release GH

122
Q

Growth hormone effects

A

Increaes uptake of amino acids from the blood, enhances cellular proliferation (bone cells, muscle cells)

123
Q

GH glucose sparing effect

A

Stimulates adipose cells to break down stored fat

124
Q

What inhibits GH

A

Hypothalamus releases GHIH to act on the pituitary

125
Q

GH diabetogenic effect

A

GH stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose (fuels growth effects)

126
Q

ADH hormone

A

Released from hypothalamus, balances water in sweat glands and kidneys

127
Q

GnRH hormone

A

Released from hypothalamus, causes pituitary to release FSH and LH (stimulates sex hormone secretion and production of sperm and eggs)

128
Q

TRH hormone

A

Released from hypothalamus, causes pituitary to release TSH, stimulates thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland

129
Q

ADH hormone

A

Targets renal tubes- increases water absorption

Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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