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Sports Med > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Match the following terms

Constant speed during muscle contraction

Ability to generate force

Prolonged activity with repetitive contractions

Includes an eccentric and concentric contraction

“How fast can you move heavy things”

Constant muscle length

Answers to choose from
Isometric
Strength
Endurance
Isokinetic
Power
Isotonic

A

Constant speed during muscle contraction = Isokinetic

Ability to generate force = Strength

Prolonged activity with repetitive contractions = Endurance

Includes an eccentric and concentric contraction = Isotonic

“How fast can you move heavy things” = Power

Constant muscle length = Isometric

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1
Q

Which of the following is considered excessive daily protein intake for a healthy athlete?

> 0.8g of protein per kg/BW
2.0g of protein per kg/BW
1.4-1.7g of protein per kg/BW
None of these is correct

A

> 2.0g of protein per kg/BW

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2
Q

If an athlete consumes 96 oz of a sports beverage (14g of CHO per 8 oz), 3 gels (28g of CHO per gel), and one sports bar (45g of CHO/bar) during a 4-hour bike ride, approximately how many grams of CHO is this athlete consuming per hour?

149g
297g
74g
60g

A

74g

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3
Q

Performing a thorough cool-down after an exercise session would be classified as which type of ergogenic aid?

Psychological
Pharmacological
Physiological
Biomechanical

A

Physiological

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4
Q

Which of the following are nutritional ergogenic aids used by athletes to improve performance?

Carbohydrate-loading diets
Supplements
All of these are correct
Sports drinks

A

All of these are correct

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5
Q

Which of the following conditions may develop if sodium losses exceed intake during ultra-endurance activities, causing blood sodium levels to drop? (ie, while exercising the athlete consumes only plain water. Another hint: “ultra-endurance” remember how long these events last?)

Hypokalemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia

A

Hyponatremia

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6
Q

Which of the following is a method that athletes can use to replace fluids lost during training and competition?

Place ice on the back of their neck
Begin drinking fluids as soon as possible
Pour fluids over their heads
Submerge in a cool bathtub or pool

A

Begin drinking fluids as soon as possible

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7
Q

Which of the following vitamins/minerals is not considered an essential electrolyte to be replaced during exercise?

Choline
Potassium
Chloride
Sodium

A

Choline

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8
Q

If an athlete needs to consume more calories, which of the following suggestions is not appropriate?

Increase calorie-dense foods at meals and snacks

Increase the frequency of meals and snacks

Include nuts and seeds throughout the day

Focus mainly on fruits and vegetables at meals and snacks

A

Focus mainly on fruits and vegetables at meals and snacks

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9
Q

A nutrition facts panel gives the following serving information: total fat = 4g, total CHO = 15g, total protein = 5g. How many calories are there per serving?

121 calories

148 calories

116 calories

96 calories

A

116 calories

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10
Q

Which of the following is the daily CHO recommendation for endurance athletes exercising 1-3 hours per day?

8-12 g/CHO/lb/BW

6-10 g/CHO/kg/BW

8-12 g/CHO/kg/BW

6-10 g/CHO/lb/BW

A

6-10 g/CHO/kg/BW

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11
Q

An endurance athlete who weighs 60kg should consume at least _____g of protein daily.

72g
60g
48g
130g

A

72g

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12
Q

Jason is an elite cross-country athlete who is currently training 4-6 hours per day (moderate-high intensity). He weighs 135 lbs (~61kg) and a sports nutritionist recommended he consume ~4800 kcal/day. Based on his body weight, what should his minimum daily CHO intake be? In other words: You are finding the blank for this statement: “a minimum of ____ grams of CHO are recommended to support this athlete’s activity levels.”

488g/CHO/day
610g/CHO/day
366g/CHO/day
732g/CHO/day

A

488g/CHO/day

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13
Q

Allison is a midfielder on a semi-professional soccer team. Allison is in the beginning of the competitive spring/summer season. Tournaments are played every weekend, with practices nearly every day of the week. Allison (24-y.o) is smaller framed, thin, and muscular with a goal to maintain her current weight (134lbs [61kg]) so that she can “maintain [her] exceptional speed and endurance on the field.”

What are the REE recommendations for minimum caloric intake? Use the REE equation found on slide 4.

2466
1360
1995
1393

A

1393

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14
Q

A follow-up question to Allison: Now, apply the activity factor range and select the appropriate range of calories that are recommended for Allison.

2229 - 3343 cal/day
2508 – 2786 cal/day
None of these ranges meet the activity factor recommendation
1671 – 1950 cal/day

A

2229 - 3343 cal/day

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15
Q

What are the names of the professors dogs?

A

Tina and Kevin

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16
Q

What are some jobs that only need a certification?

A
  • Massage therapist
    • Personal trainer
      Physical therapy assistant
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17
Q

What are some jobs that only need a masters degree?

A
  • PA
    • Sports psychologist
    • Sports nutritionist
      Athletic trainer
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18
Q

What are some jobs that only need a bachelors degree?

A

CSCS

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19
Q

What are some jobs that need a terminal degree?

A
  • Team physician
    • Family physician
    • Chiropractor
  • Physical therapist
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20
Q

What do policies = to?

A

Rules

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21
Q

What do Procedure = to?

A

Process of adhering to the rules

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22
Q

How do you deal with risks in the office?

A
  • Specific policies and procedures (security, fire safety, emergency plans)
    Facility cleaning (custodial vs athletic trainer roles, OSHA standards)
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23
Q

What are OSHA regulations?

A
  • Exposure control plan (report the plans)
  • Protecting staff from blood-borne pathogens (good equipment, and things to protect like the shot biohazard boxes)
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24
Q

What are the disinfecting procedures?

A

Use hot water 120 degrees or hotter

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25
Q

Explain HIPPA insurance

A
  • Regulates how any member of sports medicine team can share health information concerning a patient
    • Provides patients with access to their medical records
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26
Q

Explain FERPA insurance

A
  • Provides privacy of student educational records
    • Provides parents certain rights with their child’s educational records
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27
Q

What is the difference between injury reports and logs?

A

Injury reports (serve for future reference, documentation right when it happens and be detailed)

Logs (keeps track of everything, subject to HIPAA and FERPA regulations, shows progress)

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28
Q

What are pre participation examinations?

A

Examination athletes prior to participation in sports

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the pre participation examinations?

A
  • Identify patient that may be at risk
    • Establish a baseline
    • See if they are even qualified to do their sport
  • Satisfy the insurance and liability issues
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30
Q

What are the two different types of exams? And what are the differences?

A

Exam by personal physician (in-depth history, ideal physician-patient relationship)

Station examination (detailed exam in little time)

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31
Q

What is liability? (legal)

A

Legal responsibility for the harm one causes another

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32
Q

What are torts? (legal)

A

Legal wrongs against a person

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33
Q

Explain nonfeasance, misfeasance, negligence and malfeasance

A
  • Negligence (failure to use ordinary or reasonable care
    • Nonfeasance (failure to perform legal duty “act of omission”
    • Malfeasance (commit an act not legally allowed to “act of omission” Knows his wrong doings
  • Misfeasance (has legal right but does it wrong)
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34
Q

What is HMO insurance (health maintenance organization)?

A
  • Provide preventive measures
  • Dictate where individual can receive care
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35
Q

What is PPO insurance (preferred Providers organization)?

A
  • Provide discount health care
  • Limit where treatment can be obtained
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36
Q

What is capitation in regards to insurance?

A

Is the standard monthly payment

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37
Q

Whose responsible for insurance filing?

A

Athletic training

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38
Q

What is strength?

A

Ability to generate force (how much weight you can move)

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39
Q

What is power?

A

relationship between strength and time (how fast you can move heavy things)

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40
Q

What is endurance?

A

Repetitive muscular movement (how many times you can move a lighter thing)

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41
Q

What are isometrics?

A

Constant muscle length (stability)

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42
Q

What is isotonic?

A

it includes an eccentric and concentric contraction

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43
Q

What is eccentric contractions?

A

lengthening of the muscle

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44
Q

What is concentric contractions?

A

Shortening of the muscle

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45
Q

What are slow twitch fibers used for? and what type are they?

A

(endurance) type 1

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46
Q

What are fast twitch fibers used for? and what type are they?

A

(sprints) type 2

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47
Q

What is agonists?

A
  • Muscle causing joint movement
  • Biceps (elbow flexion)
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48
Q

What are antagonists?

A
  • Muscle opposing the joint movement
    Triceps (relax leads to flexion)
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49
Q

What is the overload principle?

A
  • The goal = hypertrophy
    • Muscle responds to stress
    • Gradually intensity (strength overtime)
      Get a 10% increase
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50
Q

What is periodization?

A
  • Traditional seasons no longer exist
    • Goal = achieve peak performance
      This lowers injuries and overtraining
  • they play multiple sports
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51
Q

How long is transition phase in sports and when does it happen?

A
  • 1-4 weeks
    • This happens right after the last competition
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52
Q

What is cross training?

A

Training with alternative activities

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53
Q

What is the definition of flexibility?

A

Ability to move a joint through full ROM

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54
Q

What is PNF stretching?

A

Contracting and releasing the muscle for stretching. It uses agonist and antagonist

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55
Q

What is cardiorespiratory endurance?

A
  • prolonged aerobic exercise
  • low intensity
  • duration of 20min at least
  • oxygen used for energy
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56
Q

How do you measure aerobic capacity?

A

with VO2 max test

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57
Q

What is energy based off of?

A

It is based on the individuals age, gender, body mass, and sport specific training demands

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58
Q

What happens to your food intake it you work out more?

A

It will increase

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59
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

Low blood sugar

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60
Q

Why do we fuel muscles before activity?

A

So our body does not break down the muscle we already have and uses carbs and other things to break down

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61
Q

When does the thirst sensed get triggered?

A

1% of dehydration when you are thirsty you are already dehydrated

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62
Q

How do we rehydrate properly after sweating during exercise?

A

Drink small volumes frequently (8OZ everyday) and replace it with water, juices, and watery foods, sport drinks electrolytes

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63
Q

After exercise what percentage of body weight should we not lose?

A

2%

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64
Q

For every pound we lose we should drink ______ OZ of water

A

16OZ

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65
Q

When is nutrient absorption increased/ at it’s peak? and what nutrients should we consume?

A

30min, and should eat carbs within that 30min as well as protein

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66
Q

Why is eating recovery protein important? And what nutrient is best to be paired with is?

A

it repairs the muscle and is best paired with carbs

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67
Q

What are the best electrolytes to drink after exercise?

A

Sodium, Chloride, Potassium

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68
Q

Calories are calories

True or False

A

False

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69
Q

Athletes require supplements

True or False

A

False

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70
Q

Protein builds strong bodies

True or False

A

False (they help in that but aren’t the only thing)

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71
Q

When we need fluids we feel thirsty

True or False

A

False WHEN YOU ARE THIRSTY YOU ARE ALREADY DEHYDRATED

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72
Q

1 gram of carb = ______ g of water

A

3 grams of water

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73
Q

Food ingested before an event is most crucial

True or False

A

False (need it days before as well)

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74
Q

Food between and after events does not matter

True or False

A

False YOU NEED FOOD TO RECOVER

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75
Q

What kind of activity is aerobic?

A

Long term activity

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76
Q

What kind of activity is Anaerobic?

A

Short term activity

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77
Q

Define muscular endurance

A

Repetitive contractions without fatigue

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78
Q

Define cardiovascular endurance

A

Heart and blood vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients to working muscles

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79
Q

What is the nutritional concern for endurance athletes?

A

You just need to get enough calories in before you burn it all

80
Q

What happens when you muscle glycogen decreases?

A

You become fatigued

81
Q

How much grams of protein do you need for your body weight?

A

1.2-2.0 grams

82
Q

What percentage of calories need to be fat?

A

20-35%

83
Q

When should you eat fat and not eat fat in regards to exercise?

A

DO NOT eat fat during or pre exercise

EAT FAT in post exercise

84
Q

What does fat do in regards to digestion?

A

It delays digestion and delays nutrient delivery

85
Q

What are the primary energy systems for power athletes?

A
  • Phosphagen system
  • Anaerobic system
86
Q

What is the secondary energy system for power athletes?

A

Aerobic system

87
Q

What are erogenic aids?

A

Any substance that is legal or illegal that enhances performance

88
Q

The different types of supplemental categories are (what they mean)

Mechanical
Psychological
Nutritional
Pharmacological

A
  • Mechanical = equipment
    • Psychological = imagery, positive self-talk
    • Nutritional = supplements
  • Pharmacological = drugs
89
Q

Define caffeine as a supplement

A
  • It increases alertness
    • Reduces fatigue
      Increases competitiveness
90
Q

Define narcotics as a supplement

A
  • Used for pain management
    High risk of physical and psychological dependency
91
Q

Define beta blockers as a supplment

A
  • Relaxes blood vessels (slow heart rate, decreases cardiac output)
    • Improves balance, steadiness (heart rate and nervousness are reduced)
      Gymnastics, archery, rifle are examples of activities that use these
92
Q

Define diuretics as a supplement, and how is it misused

A
  • Increase kidney excretion and urine output
    Misused in two ways (1. to reduce body weight, 2. decrease drug concentration in urine)
93
Q

Define Anabolic steroids as a supplement

A
  • Increases muscle size and body weight
    • Illegal to have and use
      Most commonly abused
94
Q

Define creatine as a supplement

A

Safest supplement to use
- amino acids that are naturally found in the body that increase your muscles

95
Q

What is the difference between eating disorder and disorder eating? (which can be diagnosed)

A

Eating disorder: can be diagnosed

Disorder eating: cannot be diagnosed

96
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

it is a psychological disorder/fear of becoming fat, body dysphoria, go to the bathroom right after they eat and some complications are (heart problems, bone loss)

97
Q

What is bulimia?

A

You binge eat and purge it out right after followed by guilt and depression. Have a need to be perfect. Complication are stomach rupture

98
Q

What is the female athlete triad?

A

Making sure that female athletes are fueled properly and have the right amount of fat and stuff to do their sport

99
Q

What is the idea body hydration level? (the numbers)

A

1.010 and 1.020

100
Q

What is the percentage of body weight loss when your performance starts to decline?

A

When you lose 2% or more of your body weight

101
Q

When should you refuel water after activity?

A

2 hours

102
Q

What is exertional hyponatremia?

A
  • Water intake is greater than the output not having enough sodium in the body
  • Water intoxication
103
Q

What are symptoms of exertional hyponatremia?

A

Fat fingers, delusional, nausea and vomiting

104
Q

How do you manage hyponatremia?

A

Increase sodium intake

105
Q

What is the intracellular ion and the extracellular ion?

A

Intracellular: potassium

Extracellular: sodium

106
Q

What percentage of humidity impairs evaporation? and What percentage stops evaporation?

A

65% impairs evaporation
75% stops evaporation

107
Q

Describe the dry bulb, wet bulb, and black bulb

A
  • Dry bulb (standard mercury thermometer)
    • Wet bulb ( thermometer with wet gauze)
      Black bulb (measures radiant heat)
108
Q

What is conduction and convection?

A

Conduction- direct contact with heat from one object to another

Convection- contact with cool fluid or air

109
Q

What is exertional heat illness?

A

Heat loss is less than heat production. the person cannot thermoregulate

110
Q

What is passive and exertional heat illness?

A
  • Passive- just not moving and getting heat stroke or heat illness (example sitting in a hot car like a crock pot)
    Exertional- moving and exercising getting heat stroke or heat illness
111
Q

What are muscle cramps? ANd how do you manage it?

A

visible involuntary painful contraction

To manage you need to remove the muscle from activity and heat and restrictive clothing, gentle stretch and drink sport drink

112
Q

What is exertional heat exhaustion?

A

Inability to sustain cardiovascular demands of exercise. You remain coherent and core temp increases.

Usually under 40.5 Celsius you are okay

113
Q

How do you manage exertional heat exhaustion?

A
  • Recognize symptoms early
    • Remove or loosen excess clothing
    • Move to cool area
    • Elevate the legs
114
Q

What is exertional heat stroke?

A
  • Core temperature rises
    • Central nervous system dysfunctions
    • Severe life threatening medical emergency
      -Heat gain is greater than heat loss
115
Q

What is passive exertional heat stroke?

A

Where the skin is dry

116
Q

Does your core temp need to be above 40.5 celsius to be exertional heat stroke?

A

No it isn’t but if it goes about that then it is bad and life threatening

117
Q

How do you manage exertional heat stroke?

A

Cool the individual first then transport them to the hospital (do a cool water immersion)

118
Q

WHen can play resume in regards to lightning? What are the warning signs?

A

Play can resume 30 min after last sound of thunder or visible lightning flash

Warning signs are (feeling hair stand on end, skin tingling, hearing crackling noises

119
Q

What is environmental cold injuries?

A

Heat loss is greater than heat production

120
Q

What is frost nip and what is superficial frost bite and deep frostbite?

A

Frostnip (skin appears firm with cold painless areas

Superficial Frostbite (superficial, top skin layers appear pale hard cold and waxy)

Depp frostbite (deep, completely frozen and requires hospitalization)

121
Q

What are acute injuries?

A
  • Result of trauma
    • Occurs all at once
  • They are sprains, fractures, dislocations etc.
122
Q

What are chronic injuries?

A
  • Repetitive, overuse activities
    • Over time
  • Usually ends in itis and osis
123
Q

What is the difference between sprains and strains?

A

Sprains- ligament damage by sudden force

Strains- injury to muscle or tendon and require surgery

124
Q

Define these terms

Load
Stiffness
Stress
Strain
Deformation
Elasticity
Yield point
Mechanical failure

A

Load = external force acting on tissues

Stiffness = relative ability of a tissue to resist a particular load

Stress = internal resistance of the tissue to an external load

Deformation = internal strain placed on the tissues that results from the stress

Elasticity = property of a human tissue that allows a tissue to return to normal

Yield point = deformed tissue that does no longer reacts elastically

Mechanical failure = when the ability of the tissue to withstand stress and strain is exceeded (injury)

125
Q

Define these terms

Compression
Tension
Shearing
Bending
Torsion

A

Compression
- Compressing on something up and down forces

Tension
- Overstretching and stuff putting tension on something

Shearing
- Planted then something comes in from the side and causes injury

Bending
- Bending of the bone of tackling or jumping

Torsion
Twisting motion causes injury

126
Q

What are closed acute fractures?

A

Bones are fractured but stay under the skin

127
Q

What are open (compound) acute fractures?

A

Bone is fractured and breaks the skin

128
Q

What are the causes of stress fractures?

A

You made a change too soon. essentially it is
- Abnormal stress on a normal bone
- And normal stress on abnormal bone

129
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Joint that is partially out of joint and can be put back in

130
Q

What are contusions?

A

It is sudden blows to the bone and it is where hematoma forms

131
Q

What is Myositis ossificans? And what causes it?

A
  • Calcium deposits inside the hematoma
  • Caused by repeated contusions
132
Q

What is muscle guarding?

A

An involuntary muscle contraction that the muscles do to splint the injured muscle area

133
Q

What are muscle spasms? And what causes them?

A

Involuntary muscle contractions that is a reflex reaction caused by an injury or stress

134
Q

What are muscle cramps? And what are the causes?

A
  • Painful involuntary contraction
    • Causes are fatigue/ exercise intensity, and disease/condition
      May lead to muscle strains
135
Q

What is TENDINITIS/TENDINOSIS/TENOSYNOVITIS?

A

Repeated micro-trauma and degenerative changes

136
Q

Inflammation and without inflammation in an injury can be know by what part of the word?

A

inflammation = itis

Without inflammation = osis

137
Q

How do you develop myofascial trigger points? And where are they located on the body? ANd symptoms

A

Develop due to mechanical stress
It will be in the neck, upper and lower back

Symptoms
- Pain with palpation
Pain increases with range of motion

138
Q

What is muscle soreness?

A

Muscular pain due to overexercising

139
Q

What is the difference between Acute-onset muscle soreness (AOMS) and Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?

A

Acute-onset muscle soreness (AOMS)
- Muscle soreness immediately after exercise

Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
Muscle soreness that occurs 24-48 hours after exercise

140
Q

What are symptoms of a nerve injury?

A
  • Pinch, burn, tingle, muscle weakness, loss or feeling
141
Q

What are the causes of nerve injuries?

A

The two main causes are compression and tension

142
Q

define neuritis and crushed or severed nerve?

A

Neuritis
- Caused by overuse, muscle entrapment

Crushed or severed nerve
- Life long implication

143
Q

What are bursas?

A

Fluid filled sacs surrounding joints

144
Q

What is bursitis?

A
  • Sudden irritation or constant compression
    Increased fluid production of the bursa and swells up
145
Q

What is osteoarthritis and where does it usually effect?

A
  • Wearing away of hyaline cartilage
    Commonly affects weight bearing joints
146
Q

What forces injure muscle tissue?

A
  • Compression
    • Tension
    • Shearing
    • Bending
  • torsion
147
Q

How does a stress fracture differ from a regular fracture?

A

a stress fracture is over time and due to different changes too rapidly. A regular fracture just happens right away

148
Q

What is the difference between a subluxation and a dislocation?

A
  • Subluxation is where it is not completely dislocated and can pop it back in. It happens a lot
  • Dislocation is where the joint completely comes out
149
Q

What is myositis ossificans and how can it be prevented?

A

It is calcium deposits in a hematoma and do not get repeated trauma after a contusion

150
Q

Where are myofascial trigger points most likely to occur?

A

It will happen in the neck and upper and lower back

151
Q

What is the difference between muscle strains, muscle cramps, muscle guarding, and muscle soreness?

A
  • Muscle strains: are where there is a muscle or tendon injury
    • Muscle cramps: involuntary contractions that hurt
    • Muscle guarding: Muscles contracts to splint area that is injured
  • Muscle soreness: it is due to overexerting muscles. Occurs after exercise
152
Q

What is the Inflammatory response phase 1 (bodies 911)? And what are the goals?

A
  • Initial reaction by immune cells (leukocytes and phagocytes) and healing begins immediately
  • The goals are (to localize, protect, lower injurious agents like tissue etc., and prepare for healing and repair)
153
Q

How long does it take for fibroblastic repair phase?

A

4 days to 6 weeks

154
Q

How long does it take for maturation remodeling phase?

A
  • 4 weeks- 3 years
155
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

Vascular and cellular trauma response, and it localized and removes offensive agents, preps for healing

156
Q

What is Acute inflammatory response?

A

Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function, emotional response

157
Q

What is phase 2 fibroblastic repair response?

A
  • Consume large debris
    • Initiate tissue repair
      Attract fibroblasts
158
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

make fibers and extracellular matrix

159
Q

What is Phase 3 maturing and remodeling?

A
  • Long term process
    • It is the realignment of collagen
  • Continued breakdown and synthesis of collagen
  • tissue looks normal again
160
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

When the injuring agent is not eliminated. The tissue is never restored and immune cells are replaced by macrophages, lymphocytes which break down tissues and restart the healing process. The causes are Overuse and overload with cumulative micto trauma

161
Q

How do these things in the body heal?

Ligament
Cartilage
Muscle
Tendon

A

Cartilage
- Limited capacity to heal due to little to no blood supply

Ligament
- Similar to other vascular tissue

Muscle
- Bleeding, edema and immediately begins healing

Tendon
- Requires a lot of collagen

162
Q

What are the 5 stages of bone healing? And Explain the 5 stages of bone healing

A
  1. Hematoma formation (develops in the first 48 hours)
    1. Cellular proliferation (blood supply distributed by clots and cellular debris then osteoblast fill internal and external calluses)
    2. Callus formation (hard callus forms to bridge gap)
    3. Ossification (osteoblasts form bone)
      Remodeling (bone is being remodeled)
163
Q

What factors impede healing?

A
  • Poor blood supply (healing doesn’t occur with no blood supply) common sites are head of femur, navicular wrist, talus, etc.
    • Poor immobilization (poor casting of the bone)
    • Infection
    • Health, age, sleeping, and nutrition
    • Corticosteroids
    • Keloids/hypertrophic scars
  • atrophy
164
Q

What is pain (in technical terms?

A

Irritation of nerve endings

165
Q

What different factors of pain?

A
  • Irritation of nerve endings
    • Physical factors (tissue damage, edema)
    • Chemical factors (infection, edema)
    • Cutaneous P! (sharp, bright, burning, fast and slow onset)
    • Deep somatic (in tendons, muscle, joints, periosteum, blood vessels)
    • Visceral P! ( begins in the organs) Referred P! ( occurs away from the injury site)
  • Psychogenic P! (felt by the individual, emotional vs physical)
166
Q

What are the different ways to assess pain? P!

A
  • Self report = best reflection of P! and discomfort
  • Common assessments are (VAS pain 1 to 10 scale, pain charts, McGill questionnaire, activity pain indicator profiles, numeric rating scale)
167
Q

How can you differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation?

A
  • Acute: it is when it is on schedule with an injury that had just happened
  • Chronic: the swelling persists longer than it should and you develop scars that become immobilized and it is due to overuse and overload
168
Q

What are some of the factors that can have a negative impact of the healing process?

A
  • Poor blood supply (healing doesn’t occur with no blood supply) common sites are head of femur, navicular wrist, talus, etc.
    • Poor immobilization (poor casting of the bone)
    • Infection
    • Health, age, sleeping, and nutrition
    • Corticosteroids
    • Keloids/hypertrophic scars
  • atrophy
169
Q

Compare and contrast the course of healing in cartilage, ligaments, muscle, and nerve

A

Cartilage- Cannot heal well due to the lack of blood supply (the stages)
Ligaments- heal the same way as regular tissue
Muscle- bleeding occurs, then edema forms (inflammation), then it begins to heal immediately (the stages)
Nerve- they heal and repair themselves just at a slow rate

170
Q

2/21 start on that

A
171
Q

What does HOPS stand for?

A

History
Observation
Palpation
Special tests

172
Q

Explain all of the HOPS principles

A

History- The most critical, getting to know the details of the injury like location, mechanism, previous injury and pain
Observation- Observe the area that has been injured
Palpation- Palpate the injury pretty simple
Special tests- like range of motion tests, neurological tests and other functional tests

173
Q

What does SOAP stand for?

A

Subjective-
Observation-
Assessment-
Plan-

174
Q

Explain all the SOAP principles

A

Subjective- The history and what the patient has told you regarding their injury
Objective- The measurable information that you get
Assessment- your clinical impression and interpretation from the subjective and objective stuff
Plan- Future plans you have for patient

175
Q

What does the term off the shelf mean?

A

You can buy something and use it immediately

176
Q

What is a sharps container?

A

Where the keep all the used needles and sharp things

177
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

The wearing away of hyaline cartilage

178
Q

What is the difference between static and dynamic stretching?

A

Static stretching: Controlled passive or active stretching. Holding for 30 sec

Dynamic stretching: Mimic components of the sport that they are playing. Getting up and moving essentially

179
Q

What is the preparatory phase in regards to someone and their sport?

A

It is the off season and they try to get bigger stronger and faster (more muscle hypertrophy)

180
Q

What is radiation?

A

Heat transferred by heat waves (infrared waves)

181
Q

What is the skin fold measurement?

A

Where they get those pincher things and squeeze fat to see how fat you are

182
Q

What is a warm up?

A

Helps increase the blood flow to your muscles

183
Q

What is overtraining?

A

It is where the person training is unable to recover in between exercising which results in fatigue and getting injured

184
Q

What are the positives of stimulants?

A

increases your alertness, reduces fatigue, and increases your competitiveness

185
Q

Define isokinetic

A

Constant speed during muscle contraction = Isokinetic

186
Q

What is cool down?

A

Stuff you do after exercise to lower your heart rate to normal. Also do a lot of stretching

187
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Where body heat is lost from the skin. helps with thermoregulation

188
Q

What is the definition of accident?

A

An act that occurs by loss of time, property damage, injury, disablement, and death

189
Q

What is custom protective equipment?

A

Custom protective equipment is constructed to individual characteristics of the athlete.

190
Q

What is the difference between nutritional ergogenic aids, psychological ergogenic aids, mechanical ergogenic aids, and pharmacological ergogenic aids

A

Nutritional- supplements to improve performance
Psychological- imagery, positive self talk
mechanical- equipment that helps an athletes performance
pharmacological- drugs used to improve performance

191
Q

What is underwater hydrostatic weighing?

A

gold standard
- measures body density
- calculate % body fat
- all done underwater

192
Q

What is BIA weighing (bioelectrical impedance analysis)?

A
  • current sent through body via electrodes
  • current flow translated into % body fat
193
Q

What is heat synocope?

A

temporary loss of consciousness sure to inadequate blood supply to the brain (tunnel vision)

194
Q

What is the difference between tendinosis, tendinitis, and tenosynovitis?

A

Tendinosis- degeneration of tendon

Tendinitis- inflammation of a tendon

tenosynovitis- inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

195
Q

Define staleness

A
  • loss of vigor, initiative, and performance
  • can be from long season, stress, anxiety
196
Q

Define the ABC assessment

A

ABCs
- State of cardio-respiratory system
- Airway must be open
- Look for chest rising
- Listen for breathing sounds
- Feel for breath on cheek
- Feel for carotid pulse
- LOOK LISTEN FEEL
Take out thing in throat if you can

197
Q

How do you know if the bleeding is - Venous, Capillary, and Arterial?

A
  • Venous (dark red continuous flow)
    • Capillary (reddish seeps from tissue)
      Arterial (bright red, flows in spurts)
198
Q

What happens when you are in shock?

A

Decreased blood to circulatory system (decreases oxygen through the body)

Sports Med (3 decks)

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