Final Exam Flashcards
(238 cards)
1
Q
What are the traditional work settings for athletic trainers?
A
High school, College, professional team
2
Q
What is strength?
A
Ability to generate force (how much weight you can move)
3
Q
What are the non traditional work settings for athletic trainers?
A
Hospital/clinic, industrial/occupational, military, performing arts, physician extender, public safety, non traditional sports
4
Q
What is power?
A
relationship between strength and time (how fast you can move heavy things)
5
Q
What is endurance?
A
Repetitive muscular movement (how many times you can move a lighter thing)
6
Q
What are isometrics? And some examples
A
Constant muscle length (stability)
Examples: Plank, Lunges, Squat hold
7
Q
What is isotonic? And some examples
A
it includes an eccentric and concentric contraction
Examples: Hiking, running
8
Q
What is eccentric contractions? And some examples
A
lengthening of the muscle
Examples: Lowering into a squat, or lowering into a bench press
9
Q
What are slow twitch fibers used for? and what type are they?
A
(endurance) type 1
10
Q
What is concentric contractions? And some examples
A
Shortening of the muscle
Examples: Pushing up in a bench press, Pushing up in a push up
11
Q
What are fast twitch fibers used for? and what type are they?
A
(sprints) type 2
12
Q
What is agonists?
A
- Muscle causing joint movement
- Biceps (elbow flexion)
13
Q
What are antagonists?
A
- Muscle opposing the joint movement
Triceps (relax leads to flexion)
14
Q
What is the overload principle?
A
- The goal = hypertrophy
- Muscle responds to stress
- Gradually intensity (strength overtime)
Get a 10% increase
14
Q
What is periodization?
A
- Traditional seasons no longer exist
- Goal = achieve peak performance
This lowers injuries and overtraining
- Goal = achieve peak performance
- they play multiple sports
15
Q
What is cross training?
A
Training with alternative activities
16
Q
How long is transition phase in sports and when does it happen?
A
- 1-4 weeks
- This happens right after the last competition
17
Q
What is the definition of flexibility?
A
Ability to move a joint through full ROM
17
Q
What is PNF stretching?
A
Contracting and releasing the muscle for stretching. It uses agonist and antagonist
18
Q
Why are proteins, carbs, and fats an important macronutrient?
A
Proteins: It repairs and adapts the muscles
Carbs: They are the main source of energy, help replace depleted glycogen levels,
Fats: are energy, increases flavor in food, slows down digestion of nutrients
19
Q
What are the best electrolytes to drink after exercise?
A
Sodium, Chloride, Potassium
20
Q
Why is eating recovery protein important? And what nutrient is best to be paired with is?
A
it repairs the muscle and is best paired with carbs
21
Q
How much grams of protein do you need for your body weight?
A
1.2-2.0 grams
22
Q
What percentage of calories need to be carbs?
A
60-70%
23
What percentage of calories need to be fat?
20-35%
24
What are the benefits of post- game nutrition?
Maximizes recovery of your body, like muscles, ligaments all of that.
25
What are the benefits of during-game nutrition?
It rapidly replaces depleted glycogen levels, keeps your hydration levels up as well
26
What are the benefits of pre-game nutrition?
It prevents hypoglycemia, settles the stomach, and fuels muscles
27
How can EHI be prevented?
Identify "at risk" individuals, where loos wicking clothing, do heat acclimatization to sports equipment (put it on little by little), never use rubberized suits
28
What are the causes of stress fractures?
You made a change too soon. essentially it is
- Abnormal stress on a normal bone
- And normal stress on abnormal bone
- abnormal muscle contractions
- repetitive stress
29
What is an avulsion fracture?
When an injury causes a tendon or bone breaks off a small piece of bone that it's attached to
30
What is the definition of a bursa?
A fluid filled sac surrounding joints
31
What is the definition of a muscle?
A body tissue that constricts and does motion
32
What is the definition of bone?
A hard, dense, calcified tissue
33
What is the definition of Cartilage?
Tough flexible tissue that lines the joints and gives structure to noes, ear, pharynx
34
What is the definition of ligaments?
Bands of tissue that provide support to a joint. They connect bone to bone
35
Compare and contrast the course of healing in cartilage, ligaments, muscle
Cartilage- Cannot heal well due to the lack of blood supply (the stages)
Ligaments- heal the same way as regular tissue
Muscle- bleeding occurs, then edema forms (inflammation), then it begins to heal immediately (the stages)
35
How do these things in the body heal?
Ligament
Cartilage
Muscle
Cartilage
- Limited capacity to heal due to little to no blood supply
Ligament
- Similar to other vascular tissue
Muscle
- Bleeding, edema and immediately begins healing
36
What are examples of contractile and non-contractile tissues?
Contractile: Muscles, and Tendons
Non-contractile: Bone, joints, cartilage, Ligaments, Bursa
37
What does osis mean?
Without inflammation
37
What does itis mean?
Inflammation
38
What does synovitis mean?
inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
39
What is the difference between tendinosis, tendinitis, and tenosynovitis?
Tendinosis- degeneration of tendon
Tendinitis- inflammation of a tendon
tenosynovitis- inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
40
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
1. Heat
2, Redness
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. loss of function
41
What is the order of the acute inflammatory response? (how it heals) (6 steps)
1. Injury to cell
2. Chemical mediators liberated (histamine, leukotrienes)
3. Vascular reaction (vasoconstriction, Vasodilation, Exudate creates stasis)
4. Platelets and leukocytes adhere to vascular wall
5. Phagocytosis
6. Clot formation
42
How do you check if someone is conscious or not conscious? (adult vs infant)
Adult you ask if they are okay or tap their shoulder.
For infant you tickle their foot
43
What is the primary survey
It is where you check the parsons level of consciousness, ABCs, severe bleeding, and shock
44
Define the ABC assessment
ABCs
- State of cardio-respiratory system
- Airway must be open
- Look for chest rising
- Listen for breathing sounds
- Feel for breath on cheek
- Feel for carotid pulse
- LOOK LISTEN FEEL
Take out thing in throat if you can
45
If someone is unconscious what injury should be assumed?
Cervical spine injury
46
How do you know if the bleeding is - Venous, Capillary, and Arterial?
- Venous (dark red continuous flow)
- Capillary (reddish seeps from tissue)
- Arterial (bright red, flows in spurts)
47
What happens when you are in shock?
Decreased blood to circulatory system (decreases oxygen through the body)
47
What is valgus?
Is medial stress
48
What is varus?
It is lateral stress
49
What are the sunshine ligaments of the ankle? (the lateral side) (3)
1. Anterior talofibular ligament
2. Posterior talofibular ligament
3. Calcaneofibular ligament
50
What type of ROM does the ankle joint can do?
- dorsiflexion
- Plantarflexion
- inversion
-Eversion
50
What are the deltoid (medial) ligaments of ankle? (medial side) (4)
1. posterior tibiofibular ligament
2. Tibiocalcaneal ligament
3. Anterior tibiotalar ligament
4. Tibionavicular ligament
51
What type of ROM does the foot do?
-inversion
- eversion
- supination
- pronation
- dorsiflexion
- plantarflexion
52
What type of ROM does the toes do?
- Flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
53
What causes a talus fracture?
Severe inversion/dorsiflexion of the foot.
Or inversion/plantarflexion with tibial external rotation
54
What causes a calcaneus fracture?
Fall or jump from height
55
What is a jones fracture? And what is the cause?
A fracture of the metatarsal bones.
Caused by inversion, plantar flexion, direct force, or repetitive trauma.
56
What is Retrocalcaneal bursitis (pump bump)?
Inflammation of bursal beneath achilles tendon
57
What is Tarsal tunnel syndrome? What does it cause?
Any condition that effects the tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum, tibial nerve, tibial artery, tibial vein.
It causes pain and paresthesia
58
What is morton's toe? What can it cause?
Abnormal short 1st metatarsal bone.
It can cause a stress fracture to develop
59
What is the cause of toe sprains?
By kicking non yielding objects
59
What is plantar fasciitis?
It is increased tension and stress on fascia (bottom of foot)
60
What are the signs and symptoms of plantar fasciitis?
Pain in anterior medial heel, along medial arch, increased pain in morning, looses after a few steps
61
What are phalangeal factures caused by?
Stubbing toe, being stepped on, kicking non yielding objects
62
What are great toe hyperextension? And the cause?
It causes hyperextension leading to 1st metatarsophalangeal sprain.
Also known as turf toe
63
What causes hammer toe?
Flexion contracture in PIP joint
64
What causes mallet toe?
Flexion contracture of DIP joint
65
What causes claw toe?
Flexion contracture of DIP joint
Hyperextension at MP joint
66
What are the causes of subungual hematoma?
Direct pressure on toenail, dropping object on toe, kicking another object
67
What are the causes of lateral ankle sprains?
forced inversion, and plantar flexion
68
What are the signs and symptoms of lateral ankle sprains?
Depends on degree of sprains
69
Which ankle sprain is more common. Lateral or medial?
Lateral
70
What are the causes of medial ankle sprains? And complications
Eversion force
Complications: ligament impingement, may cause fibular fracture
71
What is the cause of the syndesmotic ankle sprain?
Forced eversion and dorsiflexion
or forced plantarflexion and inversion
72
What is a syndesmotic ankle sprain?
Where it tears the tibiofibular syndesmosis and the anterior/ posterior tibiofibular ligaments
73
What are sign and symptoms of tibia fibula fractures?
- pain
- swelling
- discoloration
- deformity
74
What are the causes of medial tibial stress syndrome (shin splints)?
- Repetitive micro trauma
- weak/tight muscles
- improper footwear
- training errors
74
What are the signs and symptoms of stress fractures?
- Pain with activity
- point tenderness
75
What are the sign and symptoms of medial tibial stress syndrome (shin splints)?
Diffuse pain
76
What are the causes of compartment syndrome?
Injury or excessive exercise.
77
What are the signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome?
- deep aching pain
- tightness excessive swelling
- weakness with foot and toe extension
- shiny skin
78
What are the causes of achilles tendonitits?
Tendon overload
- heel-cord tightness
79
What are the sign and symptoms of achilles tendonitits?
Generalized pain and stiffness, may become thickened
80
What are the causes of achilles tendon rupture?
Sudden stop and go
- forceful plantar flexion with knee in full extension
81
What type of ROM does the knee do?
- flexion
- extension
- internal rotation
- external rotation
- extensor mechanism
81
Signs and symptoms of achilles tendon rupture
- Gun shot
- sudden snap
82
What are the causes and sign and symptoms of MCL sprain?
Causes: Valgus force (outside of knee)
Signs and symptoms: Pain along medial aspect, instability, edema, possible lateral meniscus injury
83
What are the causes and signs and symptoms for a LCL sprain?
Causes: varus force
Signs and symptoms: Pain and swelling over LCL
84
What are the causes and sign and symptoms of a PCL sprain?
Causes: Fall on bent knee or dashboard injury or tibial external rotation
Signs and symptoms: feel a pop in popliteal area, tenderness, mild swelling
84
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of a meniscus tear?
Causes: Rotation while weight bearing (torsional and valgus or varus forces
Signs and symptoms: Edema, joint line pain, loss of motion, pain with squatting
84
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of a ACL sprain?
Causes: Deceleration with foot planted (valgus force + tibial internal rotation)
Signs and symptoms: Hear a pop, instability, pain in knee
85
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Plica?
Causes: Twisting knee with foot fixed, sitting for long periods of time
Signs and symptoms: Pain with stairs, pseudo-locking
86
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of bursitis?
Causes: acute, chronic swelling, continued kneeling, patella tendon overuse
Signs and symptoms: inflammation and swelling
87
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of iliotibial band friction syndrome?
Causes: Repeated knee flexion and extension, TIght IT band
Signs and symptoms: inflammation, pain with activity
88
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of patella subluxation/dislocation?
Causes: Deceleration with valgus force
Signs and symptoms: pain and swelling, loss of function
89
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of patellar tendonitis?
Causes: Repetitive extension
Signs and symptoms: Pain at inferior patella
90
What are the types of ROM the hio can do?
- Flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- external/internal rotation
91
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Acute pelvic fracture?
Causes: Direct blow to pelvic area or blunt trauma
Signs and symptoms: Severe pain, loss of function
92
What are the causes of avulsion fractures?
Causes: Sudden accelerations and decelerations
93
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of acute femoral fractures?
Causes: force to the femur bone
Signs and symptoms: Shock, pain, swelling, deformity, loss of function
94
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of femoral stress fractures?
Causes: Overuse
Signs and symptoms: persistent pain in thigh and groin
95
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of hip dislocation?
Causes: posterior displacement of femoral head, traumatic force along the long axis of femur
Signs and symptoms: deformity, hip will present
96
What are the causes and symptoms of hip labral tears?
Causes: usually repetitive overuse
Signs and symptoms: groin pain, clicking, locking or catching, stiffness
97
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of iliac crest contusion?
Causes: Direct blow
Signs and symptoms: Pain, spasms, discoloration
97
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of adductor strain?
Causes: Running, jumping, twistin with hip external rotation
Signs and symptoms: sudden tearing during movement, pain and adductor weakness
98
What are the causes and symptoms of piriformis syndrome
Causes: Piriformis impinges sciatic nerve
Signs and symptoms: Pain, numbness, and tingling in gluteus
99
What are the different throwing phases (in order)? (5)
- windup
- Cocking
- acceleration
- deceleration
- follow- through
100
What are the types of ROM that the wrist can do?
- supination
- pronation
- flexion
- extension
-ulnar deviation
- radial deviation
-abduction
- adduction
-opposition
101
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Colles' fracture
Causes: FOOSH
Signs and symptoms: anterior displacement of radius and ulna, pain, swelling, bleeding
101
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome
Causes: Compressed median nerve
Signs and symptoms: tingling, numbness, weakness in thumb
102
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of wrist sprain (MOST COMMON)
Causes: FOOSH, violent flexion or torsion
Signs and symptoms: pain, swelling, difficulty moving
103
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of interphalangeal joint sprains
Causes: Valgus/varus force to collateral ligament, axial force
Signs and symptoms: Pain, swelling, instability
104
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of scaphoid fracture
Causes: FOOSH
Signs and symptoms: swelling, severe pain in anatomical snuff box
105
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Hamate fracture
Causes: FOOSH
Signs and symptoms: Pain and weakness, ulnar nerve damage
106
What are the causes of mallet finger
Causes: extensor tendon avulsion
107
What are the causes of trigger finger
Causes: Thickening of tendon sheath
107
What are the causes of claw hand
Causes: Ulnar and median nerve damage
108
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of metacarpal dislocations
Causes: twisting or shearing force
Signs and symptoms: proximal phalanx angulated
109
What are the causes of metacarpal fractures
Causes: Direct axial compressive force
110
What are the causes of swan neck
Causes: Volar plate rupture
110
What are the causes of ape hand
Causes: Inability to oppose thumb (move it)
111
What are the causes of Boutonniere deformity
Causes: Extensor rupture
112
What are the causes of Jersey finger
Causes: Flexor digitorum profundus rupture
113
What are the causes of bishops hand
Causes: Flexion of 4th and 5th phalanges
114
Which way does the bones dislocate in Colles fracture and smith's fracture?
Smith's = posterior
Colles' = anterior
115
What ligaments are on the lateral side of the elbow?
Annular ligament and radial collateral ligament
116
What are the types of ROM of the elbow?
- flexion
- extension
- pronation
- supination
117
What ligaments are on the medial side of the elbow?
Annular ligament, ulnar collateral ligament
118
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Ulnar collateral ligament sprain
Causes: Valgus force, deceleration of throwing
Signs and symptoms: Pain, tenderness, ulnar nerve damage
119
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Olecranon bursitis
Causes: Direct blow, chronic pressure
Signs and symptoms: pain, point tenderness, swelling
120
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Ruptured biceps tendon
Causes: sudden rapid contraction
Signs and symptoms: Pain, point tenderness, visible deformity
121
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Lateral epicondylitis
Causes:Repetitive wrist extension
Signs and symptoms: aching pain, weakness in wrist and hand
122
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Medial epicondylitis
Causes: Repetitive wrist flexion, extreme valgus force
Signs and symptoms: Point tenderness, swelling, pain with flexion
123
What are the causes of Little league elbow
Causes: Repetitive trauma throwing
124
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Cubital tunnel syndrome
Causes: Valgus force, ulnar nerve subluxation
Signs and symptoms: pain, tenderness
125
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Elbow dislocations
Causes: FOOSH, severe twist while flexed
Signs and symptoms: swelling, severe pain, deformity, numbness and tingling
126
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of elbow fractures
Causes: Fall on flexed elbow, FOOSH
Signs and symptoms: Pain, swelling, discoloration, deformity
127
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of
Causes:
Signs and symptoms:
128
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of
Causes:
Signs and symptoms:
129
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of clavicle fractures
Causes: FOOSH, direct impact
Signs and symptoms: supporting arm, head tilted towards injured side, chin turned away
130
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Humeral fractures?
Causes: FOOSH, direct blow
Signs and symptoms: pain, swelling, possible shock
131
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Sternoclavicular sprain (the grades for signs and symptoms)
Causes: Indirect force
Signs and symptoms: GRADE 1: pain and slight disability
GRADE 2: Subluxation with deformity
GRADE 3: dislocation
132
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Acromioclavicular sprain (grades for signs and symptoms)
Causes: FOOSH, direct blow
Signs and symptoms: Grades 1-3 refers to damage and Grades 4-6 refers to displacement
133
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Glenohumeral dislocations
Causes: Humeral head forced out of glenoid fossa, anterior dislocation most common
Signs and symptoms: flattened deltoid, humeral head in armpit
134
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Impingement syndrome
Causes: decreased space under coracoacromial arch
Signs and symptoms: diffuse pain, decreased strength
135
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of Rotator cuff tear
Causes: High velocity rotation, acute trauma
Signs and symptoms: Pain, weakness, loss of function, swelling
136
What type of mobility and stability does the shoulder complex have?
High mobility and low stability
137
What types of ROM does the shoulder have?
- flexion
- extension
- adduction
-abduction
- internal/medial rotation
- external/lateral rotation
- horizontal adduction
- horizontal abduction
138
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of bicipital tenosynovitis
Causes: Repeated stretching of biceps tendon
Signs and symptoms: Pain, tenderness
139
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of skull fracture
Causes: Blunt trauma
Signs and symptoms: severe headache, nausea
140
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of concussion
Causes: direct blow to the head
Signs and symptoms dizziness, confusion, disorientation, headache, amnesia
141
What are the causes and signs and symptoms of post-concussion syndrome?
Causes: By premature return to activity
Signs and symptoms: poor academic performance, fatigue, depression, impaired memory
141
What is the difference between epidural hematoma and subdural hematoma?
Epidural hematoma is arterial bleeding
Subdural hematoma: is venous bleeding
142
What is post-concussion syndrome?
Prolonged symptoms following a concussion
143
What is the difference between off the shelf and custom equipment and bracing?
Off the shelf: premade and packaged by manufacturer, can be used without modifications
Custom: Made specifically for the patient
144
What do football helmets NEED to protect against?
Concussive forces
145
What do baseball/softball helmets NEED to protect against?
High velocity impacts, thrown or batted balls
145
What do Hockey helmets NEED to protect against?
High velocity impacts stick or puck
146
What to lacrosse helmets NEED to protect against?
Repeated high velocity blows
147
What is the purpose of bandages?
Hold dressing over a wound
147
What do cycling helmets NEED to protect against?
Protect against impact and disperse force by breaking apart
148
what is the definition of non- elastic adhesive tape?
sticky but does not conform to the body easily
149
What is the definition of adhesive tape?
It conforms to the body part really well
150
What objects are used for direct transmission?
Contact body surface (touching, sexual intercourse),
Droplet spread (inhalation or air)
Fecal-oral spread (feces on hands then you touch your face)
150
What is the prophylactic vs supportive taping/wrapping?
Prophylactic: Is to prevent or reduce the risk of injury (preventing another injury)
Supportive: Is to support the structure and give it more strength
151
What objects are used for indirect transmission?
Inanimate object (food, water, towels, clothing, utensils)
Vectors (insects, birds, animals)
Airborne (infected particles in air)
152
What is the incubation stage as one of the stages of infection?
- pathogen enters body to sign and symptoms appear
- few hours to months
153
What is the prodromal stage as one of the stages of infection?
- watery eyes, runny nose, slight fever
- host can transfer pathogen to other host
154
What is the acute stage as one of the stages of infection?
disease reaches its greatest development
155
What is the decline stage as one of the stages of infection?
First signs of recovery
- relapse if patient becomes overextended
156
What is the recovery stage as one of the stages of infection?
Where the patient is better and my a build up immunity to the infection
157
What is the Innate response? and what is the goal?
It is the EMT/911 call of the body. It does the initial things to try and kill the infection.
The goal is to attract more immune system cells
158
What do macrophages do in the innate response?
(Attack foreign stuff from the body, and break down)
159
What do neutrophils do in the innate response?
(recognizes the pathogen and releases antimicrobial stuff) (Attack foreign stuff from the body, break down)
160
What do dendritic cells do in the innate response?
(engulf the pathogen and present the pathogen)
161
What do phagocytes do in the innate response?
Cut stuff
162
What is the adaptive response?
It is the hospital and it is where they do the rest of the work and kill off the infection. The body gets acquired immunity in this stage from the memory of antibodies
163
What do B cells do in the adaptive response?
(gain memory against that pathogen, so it goes faster in acting)
164
What do T cells do in the adaptive response?
(recognize the pathogen that is being presented and tells the Helper and Cytotoxic cells to kill that specific pathogen)
165
What do Helper cells do in the adaptive response?
(Break off of T cells) (targets the response, and stimulate the B cells)
165
What do Cytotoxic cells do in the adaptive response?
(Break off of T cells) (Kill pathogens)
166
What are the different classifications of therapeutic modalities? (7)
1. Thermotherapy
2. Cryotherapy
3. Electrical
4. Sound
5. Light
6. Magnetic
7. Mechanical
167
What are some indications for thermotherapy and some examples?
Indications: Increase collagen extensibility, decrease joint stiffness, reduce pain, increase blood flow
Example: Hydrocollator packs, warm whirlpool
168
What are some indications for Cryotherapy and some examples
Indications: Decrease pain, inflammation, protect healthy cells
Example: Ice packs, Ice massage
169
What are some indications for electrical therapy and some examples?
Indications: Decrease pain, break muscle spasms, muscle contractions
Example: Electrical STIM, Electromagnetic shortwave diathermy
170
What are some indications for sound therapy and some examples?
Indications: Collagen synthesis, promote healing, reduce pain and inflammation
Example: Ultrasounds
171
What are some indications for magnetic therapy and some examples?
Indications:
Example:
171
What are some indications for light therapy and some examples?
Indications: reduce pain and promote tissue healing, increase collagen extensibility
Example: Low level laser therapy
172
What are some indications for mechanical therapy and some examples?
Indications: increase blood flow, relax muscles
Example: Massage, traction
173
What are the initial goals/ considerations in rehab?
Swelling and pain control
174
What are the three main goals to rehab?
1. Restore full range of motion
2. Restore and increase strength, endurance, and power
3. Re-establish neuromuscular control and balance
175
How do you restore range of motion in rehab?
Do dynamic, static, and PNF stretching (improve flexibility)
176
When should isometrics be used in rehab? What is it? and what are the goals?
- be performed in early rehab
- used when resistance through full ROM could make injury worse
- increase static strength, and decrease atrophy
177
When should progressive resistance be used in rehab? and how should it be done?
- Mid rehab
- to maintain proper form to limit injury
178
When should Isokinetic exercises be used in rehab? and What is it used for?
- In the later stages
- uses fixed speeds with accommodating resistance
179
When should Isokinetic exercises be used in rehab? and What is it used for?
- Later rehab stages
- produce dynamic movements
180
What is neuromuscular control in rehab? What needs to happen to be successful?
- The minds attempt to teach the body conscious control of a specific movement.
- It needs to be repetition of the same movement
181
Why is regaining balance essential in rehab? And what does it challenge?
Because if failed to do so you can get re injured really easily. It challenges reflexes
182
What region of the body are you strengthening in restore core stability?
The lumbar-pelvic region
183
Why is restore core stability so essential? and when should it be done in the rehab process?
- it is critical for dynamic functional strength and movement
- in the early rehab stages
184
When should you put in cardiorespiratory fitness in the rehab process?
Very early on if possible
185
186
How do intradermal drugs work as an internal administration?
It is like a shot, it is quick to effect that specific area and the target organ is in the skin
186
How should you determine when an individual is ready to return back to play?
- when they are fully reconditioned
- achieved full ROM. strengthe, neuromuscular control, cardiovascular ability
- mentally prepared
187
What are the three factors of pharmacokinetics and explain them
What the body does to the drug: Dose dependent
Bioavailability: Drug dependent
Half-life: Determines dose/interval
187
Who makes the decision for an individual to return back to play?
THE WHOLE SPORTS MED TEAM
187
How do inhalation drugs work as an internal administration?
The person inhales the drug by aromatics/water vapor/ Oxygen. And the target organ is the respiratory tract
187
How do Intramuscular drugs work as an internal administration?
It is a shot that goes into the gluteal/deltoid muscles
188
How do Intranasal drugs work as an internal administration?
It is something that goes in the nose by water vapor/Oxygen/aromatics. And the target organ is the respiratory tract
189
How do IV drugs work as an internal administration?
It is an IV and the target organ is systemic
190
How do Sublingual/Buccal drugs work as an internal administration?
It is a drug that dissolves on the tongue or cheek. The target organ is the tongue or cheek
191
How do ointment drugs work as an internal administration?
They are water suspended oil + the drug so it can create an occlusive dressing on the skin.
192
How do Pastes drugs work as an internal administration?
They are like ointments but with NO OIL OR FAT. It gets absorbed easily. Example is biofreeze
193
How do Plasters drugs work as an internal administration?
It is counter irritant and the goal is to reduce pain and increase blood flow
194
How do Patches drugs work as an internal administration?
It is placed on the skin and the patch slowly releases the drug
195
What are the examples of the external pharmacokinetics?
- inunctions
- ointments
- pastes
- plasters
- patches
- solutions
196
What are the different classifications of pharmacodynamics?
- Chemical structure
- mechanism of action
- Therapeutic effect
- legal or not legal
197
What is the difference between generic name and generic drug?
Generic name: Not owned by a company
Generic drug: Company owned, when drug patent expires (20 years) other companies can market the drug
198
What is the difference between administration and dispensing?
Administration: It is when you are giving someone that drug physically. Like injections, shots, etc.
Dispensing: It is when you are packaging or giving someone their drug like a pharmacy giving someone their pain killers.
199
What is exertional hyponatremia?
- Water intake is greater than the output not having enough sodium in the body
- Water intoxication
200
What are symptoms of exertional hyponatremia?
Fat fingers, delusional, nausea and vomiting
201
How do you manage hyponatremia?
Increase sodium intake
202
What is environmental cold injuries?
Heat loss is greater than heat production
203
What is frost nip and what is superficial frost bite and deep frostbite?
Frostnip (skin appears firm with cold painless areas
Superficial Frostbite (superficial, top skin layers appear pale hard cold and waxy)
Depp frostbite (deep, completely frozen and requires hospitalization)
204
How do you manage exertional heat stroke?
Cool the individual first then transport them to the hospital (do a cool water immersion)
205
Does your core temp need to be above 40.5 celsius to be exertional heat stroke?
No it isn't but if it goes about that then it is bad and life threatening
206
What is passive exertional heat stroke?
Where the skin is dry
207
What is exertional heat stroke?
- Core temperature rises
- Central nervous system dysfunctions
- Severe life threatening medical emergency
-Heat gain is greater than heat loss
208
What is passive and exertional heat illness?
- Passive- just not moving and getting heat stroke or heat illness (example sitting in a hot car like a crock pot)
Exertional- moving and exercising getting heat stroke or heat illness
209
What is exertional heat illness?
Heat loss is less than heat production. the person cannot thermoregulate
210
What are muscle cramps? ANd how do you manage it?
visible involuntary painful contraction
To manage you need to remove the muscle from activity and heat and restrictive clothing, gentle stretch and drink sport drink
211
What is exertional heat exhaustion?
Inability to sustain cardiovascular demands of exercise. You remain coherent and core temp increases.
Usually under 40.5 Celsius you are okay
212
How do you manage exertional heat exhaustion?
- Recognize symptoms early
- Remove or loosen excess clothing
- Move to cool area
- Elevate the legs
213
What are the 2 organizations athletic trainers can be involved with?
BOC and caATe
