Exam 1

Question 1

protection, promotion, optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering thru dx and treatment of human response, AND advocacy in care for individuals, families, communities, populations

Answer 1

nursing

Question 2

art and science of prolonging life, promoting health and preventing disease thru organized community efforts

Answer 2

public health nursing

Question 3

healthy people in healthy communities

Answer 3

vision of public health

Question 4

what level of nursing as a staff nurse in public health focusing on individual/family, within community or institution

Answer 4

BSN

Question 5

what level of nursing to be a public health nursing specialist with a primary focus on the population, to clients within the community

Answer 5

MSN

Question 6

school nursing, hospice, home health, occupational health, disaster preparedness, forensics, faith community, rural health

Answer 6

certifications/specialities

Question 7

• expertise in nursing and public health
• assesses health status of populations using data
• analyzes collected data (needs, strengths)
• partners with people to determine need
• participated with community to iD expected outcomes

Answer 7

ANA definition of public health nursing

Question 8

philosophy of nursing service delivery (care thru community diagnosis, health surveillance, eval population health status)

Answer 8

community-oriented nursing practice

Question 9

setting specific practice where care is provided to sick (LTC, outpatient clinic)

Answer 9

community based nursing practice

Question 10

• nursing + public health theory
• focus of practice is health of community as whole and how it impacts individuals

Answer 10

public health nursing practice

Question 11

• collect vital stats (birth, death, marriage)
• control sanitary conditions
• control communicable diseases
• provide lab services (STD, lead)
• protect maternal and fetal health (vulnerable pop)
• educate public (nutrition, mental health)

Answer 11

mandated PH services

Question 12

• assessment (data collection and monitoring)
• policy development and implement
• assurance (making sure essential health services are available)

Answer 12

core functions PH

Question 13

district nursing

Answer 13

-1859, Liverpool, England
- WM Rathbone, Florence Nightingale
- to instruct families in care of ill members @ home

Question 14

district nursing in US

Answer 14

• 1877- NY City Mission began
• 1887- spread to Boston + Phil w focus on poor
• 1893- Lillian Wald began dn in NYC (Henry St. Settlement), Red Cross, 1st to use term PHN

Question 15

frontier nursing

Answer 15

• horseback, going to rural and remote Apps to provide nursing

Question 16

PHN 1920s

Answer 16

• Mary Breckenridge started frontier nursing service region of KY–> dec infant and maternal mortality
• introduced first nurse midwife
• FNS still active today

Question 17

PHN 1930S and 40s

Answer 17

• health and welfare of public
• school nurses going to students’ houses to see them; able to get more resources for family
• also infants, TB, STD

Question 18

PHN 1970S- present

Answer 18

• service to total community
• focus on primary prevention

Question 19

Primary Care Medical Home Attributes

Answer 19

• access to care
• accountability (for quality of care),
• comprehensive (all info, care, and services needed)
• continuity (improving health over time)
• coordination + integration (helping pts navigate system to meet their needs)
• pt + fam centered

Question 20

Roles of nurses

Answer 20

advocate, evaluator, planner, provider, consultant, educator, counselor, manager, coordinator

Question 21

Public Health Advocate Steps

Answer 21

1. do hw, look for where is need
2. connect w partners- collective power
3. make message compelling
4. make most of opportunities to influence
5. be confident, fearless, relentless

Question 22

WHO definition of health

Answer 22

state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not only absence of disease or infirmity

Question 23

characteristics of community’s health

Answer 23

• status (outcomes, physical/emotional/social determinants [suicide, crime, morbidity, mortality])
• structure (services + resources [what makes up community such as access to care])
• process (how community functions such as politics)

Question 24

Community Health Needs Assessment

Answer 24

• part of ACA requiring non-profit hospitals to conduct every 3 years
• ID where there is a need

Question 25

Community Health Improvement Plan

Answer 25

- counties and other government agencies develop this post needs assessment - IL: IPLAN

Question 26

MAPP

Answer 26

Mobilizing for Action thru Planning + Partnerships

Question 27

GDP

Answer 27

- gross domestic product - indicator of how country is doing (economic health)

Question 28

quality indicators

Answer 28

- if we are giving quality care - insurance companies look at - ex: readmission rates, pressure injury rates

Question 29

factors affecting resource allocation

Answer 29

- uninsured (don't seek primary prevention, seek care when very sick...cost of their care higher, inc risk hospitalization of mortality) - access to services (proximity, transport, access to insurance, language) - rationing (services, nurses, providers sometimes withhold services)

Question 30

two factors that have greatest effect on longevity

Answer 30

behavior, lifestyle

Question 31

two factors that have the greatest effect on development of illness

Answer 31

environment, genetics

Question 32

1st developmental stage PH

Answer 32

- 1800-1900 - Infectious epidemics/medical care unregulated - care of fam in home

Question 33

2nd developmental stage PH

Answer 33

- 1900-1945 - trauma/shift to science based training

Question 34

3rd developmental stage PH

Answer 34

- 1945-1984 - inc in c diseases, inc in medical specialties

Question 35

4th developmental stage PH

Answer 35

- 1984- present - inc infectious/managed care

Question 36

factors influencing health care costs

Answer 36

- inflation, demographic changes, tech, c illness, treat illness vs. prevention, "defensive med"

Question 37

defensive medicine

Answer 37

over-ordering services

Question 38

barriers healthcare

Answer 38

money, time, already caring for someone else who is sick, education

Question 39

medicare

Answer 39

65+

Question 40

medicaid

Answer 40

pregnant, blind, lower income, taking care of someone with a disability, disability

Question 41

health departments county funds come from

Answer 41

property taxes

Question 42

federal funding comes from

Answer 42

grants, special programs

Question 43

block grants

Answer 43

fed. gov. gives $ to local government w general provision to how it can be spent

Question 44

private support financing healthcare types

Answer 44

- insurance (HMO have to get referral from primary), employers, individuals, managed care

Question 45

primary level intervention

Answer 45

- intervene before illness - risk factors (diet, activity, smoke, alc), education, vax, car seats

Question 46

secondary level intervention

Answer 46

- screening, slow progression of disease - BP, blood sugars, BMI, vision screening

Question 47

tertiary level intervention

Answer 47

- treating disease, stopping relapse + further deterioration - rehab, medical interventions

Question 48

cost containment

Answer 48

keeping price same or lower

Question 49

portability

Answer 49

- transferring of health coverage - ex: when changing/lost job

Question 50

US Dept of Health and Human Services (preventive, health protection, health promotion)

Answer 50

- preventive: HTN, STD, immunizations - protection: toxins, OSHA, fluoride, EPA - promotion: smoking cessation, stress, substance abuse, screenings, maternal and fetal care

Question 51

State Health Agencies

Answer 51

- establish health codes, regulation of insurance industry

Question 52

Local level governments

Answer 52

- funded by tax dollars - responsibility of county/city gov

Question 53

federally qualified health centers

Answer 53

-safety net providers - community health centers, public housing, homeless health care, migrant health centers

Question 54

Human Genome Project

Answer 54

- 1988-2003, under direction of Dr. Francis Collins - mapped all 25,000 genes in human DNA

Question 55

Precision healthcare

Answer 55

- purpose: improve safety, quality, effectiveness of healthcare for all US citizens - linking clinical and genetic info for individualized healthcare

Question 56

polygenic risk score and disease

Answer 56

- can be used to determine if individual is at inc risk fir developing certain disease

Question 57

single gene vs complex disease

Answer 57

- single gene- can be traced to one gene (CF) - complex- many genes effected, environment also plays role (CAD)

Question 58

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008

Answer 58

prohibits discrimination based on genetic makeup (by employers, insurance))

Question 59

Biostatistics

Answer 59

- predictor of healthcare delivery - censuses, demographics, vital stats, rates (freq), ratio (comparisons), risks