Exam 2 Flashcards
(66 cards)
1
Q
ethics
A
branch of philosophy concerned with determining right and wrong in relation to people’s decisions and actions
2
Q
ethics questions
A
- how should I behave?
- what actions should I perform?
- what kind of person should I be?
- what are my obligations to myself and others?
3
Q
beneficence and non-maleficence
A
- doing good and doing no harm
- traced back to Hippocratic oath, provides framework for pt-provider relationship
4
Q
autonomy
A
- freedom of choice, dignity, self-determination
- ex: advance directives, refusal of care
5
Q
distributive justice
A
- fair allocation of benefits + burdens in society based on needs + contribution of members
- aka social justice
6
Q
egalitarian
A
- everyone entitled to equal rights + treatment
- ex: vax
7
Q
libertarian
A
- advocates for social and economic liberty
- emphasizes contributions of individual
8
Q
utilitarianism
A
- moral value of action determined by overall benefit
- end justifies means
- greatest good for greatest number of people
9
Q
deontology
A
- action is right or wrong in itself
- moral rules of duty vs. consequences
10
Q
virtue
A
- practical reasoning applied to character development
11
Q
care of ethics
A
- Jean Watson’s Caring Theory
- morality of responsibility in relationships, care as moral imperative
- people have varying degrees dependence and interdependence
- individuals affected by consequences of another’s choices deserve consideration in proportion to their vulnerability
- situational!
12
Q
epidemiology def
A
study of distribution (patterns of health events) + determinants (diff factors influencing) of health related events in pops and the application of knowledge to improve health in communities
13
Q
inductive research
A
- specific info–> gen. conclusion
14
Q
epidemiological triangle
A
- agent: has to be present for disease/condition to develop (virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite)
- host: anything harboring inf agent
- environment: can be internal (comorbidities, immunity) or external (social, physical, cultural)
- COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
- if you change one part, you can me more susceptible
15
Q
web of causation
A
- used for c non-inf diseases, non-communicable diseases, non-disease health related
- ex: CAD, DM, obesity, gun violence, opioid epidemic
16
Q
types of applied epidemiology
A
- descriptive: personal characteristics, place, time
- analytical: origins, associations, causal factors
- experimental: intervention aimed at influencing event
17
Q
epidemiological process vs. nursing process
A
similarities: problem solving based on scientific process/inductive/observation
differences: nursing looks at individuals and groups, epi looks at aggregates and pop
18
Q
epidemiological investigation steps
A
- confirm + verify dx
- establish criteria to ID
- investigate and track cases
- establish existence of outbreak
- ID person, time, place
- surveillance- monitoring for changes beyond expected
19
Q
epidemiological investigation questions
A
- who has been affected?
- common between all affected?
- when/where
- risk factors
- transmission
20
Q
theory of multiple causation
A
- no single force produces disease
- looks for causal relationship
- investigates relationship between risk factors and environmental factors
21
Q
endemic
A
baseline incidence (ex: malaria)
21
Q
epidemic
A
cases exceed usual number over certain geographical area
21
Q
outbreak
A
higher than endemic
22
Q
pandemic
A
across world
23
vertical vs. horizontal mode of transmission
- vertical: mother to baby
- horizontal: person to person
24
routes of transmission
- direct: contact (touching c.diff stool)
- indirect: touch object (that has c.diff)
- common vehicle: food, water, air, bodily, fluids
- vector: tick, mosquito
- airborne: flu, RSV, TB, chickenpox
25
specificity of association
- event can only occur in presence of particular agent
26
biostats
- predictor for healthcare delivery
- limited by reporting mechanisms/barriers
- basis for ass health needs and planning public programs
- demographics, vital stats
- from CDC, census, coroner, state reporting laws
27
rates
- measures freq in def pop during specific time
- indicates severity of event
- numerator and denominator from same pop
28
risk
- probability a disease or health event will occur to given person/group within specific time period
29
ratio
- stat measure describing a relationship
- numerator not included in denominator
30
prevalence vs. incidence
- prevalence: existing disease
- incidence: new cases
31
morbidity
- levels of disease, rate of development, risk of disease occuring
32
chain of infection
- infectious agent: bacteria, virus, fungus
- reservoir: soil, water
- portal of exit: how it gets out of reservoir- cough, sneeze, saliva
- mode of transmission- how it travels- direct/in/horizontal/vertical
- portal of entry: mucosal, dermal
- susceptible host: age, gender, genetics, comorbidities
33
what stage of chain of infection can you prevent spread?
mode of transmission
34
infectivity
ability to enter host and multiply
35
pathogenicity
ability to produce clinical s
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virulence
severity of clinical s
37
toxicity
poisonous s
38
invasiveness
penetrate and spread thru out tissue
39
antigenicity
stimulate immune response
40
resistance (host factor)
ability to withstand inf
41
immunity
natural (species determined) or acquired
42
herd immunity
immunity of group based on resistance of & of group
43
infectiousness
potential ability of inf host to inf others
44
factors influencing transmission
physical, biological, social, cultural
45
father of modern epidemiology
John Snow- plotted where sick people were, traced source of cholera to water pump, had cops remove and spread stopped
46
incubation period
- organism multiplying
- exposed, can't pass disease along
- between exposure and onset of symptoms
47
communicable period
- contagious
- between exposure to stage of clinical disease
48
when we want levels of prevention
- primary- before susceptibility
- secondary- before exposure
- tertiary- during clinical disease
49
steps in process???
- prevention: masks, handwashing, vax
- intervention: iso, tracing, medical treatment
- control: reduce cases, dec spread
- eradicate
50
case
incidence of known disease
51
contact
exposed person
52
carrier
has disease and can transmit it, but may/may not be symptomatic
53
TB (etiology, s, dx, screened?)
- et: mycobacterium tuberculosis spore
- s: hemoptysis, fever, chills, cough, night sweat
- dx: 23 sputum samples
- screened: HCP, law enforcement, teachers
54
DOT
- direct observation treatment
- someone brings meds, educates, and watches pt take pills- then documents
55
parasitic diseases
roundworm, tapeworm, flukes, protozoa (pinworms)
56
waterborne disease
Hep A, cholera, typhoid, cryptosporidiosis
57
vector borne diseases
Lyme, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Zika
58
salmonella
- inf meat, poultry, eggs
- fever, HA, abd pain, d/n/v
59
E.Coli
- meats, unpasteurized milk, cheese and juices, sprouts, water
- s 2-5 days post, sudden onset, cramps, watery/bloody diarrhea
60
clostridium perfringens
- raw/undercooked meat, poultry
- cramp, fever, d/v
61
staph aureus
- sliced meat, puddings (foods not cooked post handling)
- s within hours of ingestion, n/v/d, cramps
- abx not helpful
62
botulism
- neurotoxic protein
- home canned products
- n/v, fatigue, dizzy, double vision, diff swallowing, paralysis
- tx: antitoxin if dx + tx early
63
norovirus
- v/d
- contact w person, contaminated food/water, touching contaminated surfaces and putting hands in mouth
64
foodborne illness safe temps
fridge under 40, heat over 140
