Exam 1 Flashcards
(313 cards)
1
Q
most likely fracture facial bone
A
zygomatic bone
2
Q
emmetropia
A
20/20 vision
3
Q
myopia
A
nearsightedness
-larger than normal eye
-distant object is focused in front of retinal instead of on it
4
Q
hypermetropia (hyperopia)
A
farsightedness
-shorter than normal eye
-distant object is out of focus when reaches retina and focuses behind retina
5
Q
MOI of orbital fracture
A
blunt force to the eye
6
Q
blowout fracture
A
medial wall and floor fracture
7
Q
blown up fracture
A
orbital roof fracture
8
Q
S&S of orbital fracture
A
-pain on orbit
-bruising and swelling
-trapped inferior rectus muscle (downward gaze)
9
Q
management of orbital fractures
A
-shield the eye
-sensory (dermatome) for CN
-refer
-do not blow nose
10
Q
periorbital contusion
A
-aka black eye
-MOI: direct trauma to outside eye
-S&S: swelling and bruising
11
Q
MOI of corneal abrasions
A
direct contact to cornea or foreign object
12
Q
S&S of corneal abrasions
A
-pain over cornea and conjunctiva
-feels like something in my eye
-blurred vision
-photophobia
-watery eyes
-conjunctival redness
-visualize the object
13
Q
management of corneal abrasion
A
-immediate referral
-eye closed and patched
-confirmed via fluorescein strips and cobalt blue light
14
Q
corneal or scleral laceration
A
-aka open globe
-MOI: blunt or sharp trauma or injury with projectile
-S&S: leakage or extrsusion
15
Q
MOI of iritis
A
traumatic force to the eye (inflammatory response)
16
Q
S&S of iritis
A
-pain
-burning in the eye
-photophobia
-pupil slow to react to light
-pupil may be restricted
17
Q
MOI of hyphema
A
-blunt trauma
-spontaneous (hemophilia or sickle cell anemia)
18
Q
S&S of hyphema
A
pain
impaired vision
19
Q
management of hyphema
A
patch or shield the eye
refer to ER
20
Q
MOI of retinal detachment
A
-jarring force to the head
-sneezing
-spontaneous (Marfan’s)
21
Q
S&S of retinal detachment
A
-flashes of light, halos, or blind spots
-curtain comes down
22
Q
MOI of ruptured globe
A
severe blunt trauma to globe
23
Q
S&S of ruptured globe
A
-irregular pupil
-vision is absent or decreased
-obvious deformity
-hyphema
-appearance of foreign substance buldging outward from sclera
24
Q
management of ruptured globe
A
-medical emergency
-eyes shielded but not patched
25
MOI of conjunctivities
viral or bacterial
-increased risk with contacts
26
S&S with conjunctivitis
-itchy, burning sensation in eye
-photpphobia
-eyelids stuck together
-hindered vision
-redness of eye
-viral discharge is clear and watery
-bacterial discharge is yellow or green
27
management of conjunctivitis
-wear gloves when examining
-eyelids feel fluid filled
-highly contagious
-refrain physical contact
-refrain from contact use
-refer to dr
28
subconjunctival hemorrhage
-bright red blood appearing in sector of eye under clear conjunctiva and white sclera
-broken blood vessel under conjunctiva
29
corneal or conjunctival foreign bodies
-any object embedded in or adhering to conjunctiva or cornea
-something in my eye or scratchy
-attempt to find and flush with saline
30
management with eye injuries
-never remove
-cover and protect the eye (cup)
-cover both eyes
-transport to ER
31
frequency of retinal tear and detachments
-illness, injury, heredity, normal aging
-nearsighted, undergone previous eye surgery, eye trauma, family hisotyr
32
traumatic iritis
-inflammation of iris or anterior chamber secondary to blunt traumatic injury to eye
-dull, deep, aching pain when iris or pupil moves
-photophobia
-can occur 1-7 days post trauma
-slit-lamp
33
proptosis
-MOI: direct trauma to orbit
-S&S: swelling behind eye that pushes eyeball forward (buldging)
-may cause damage to optic nerve
34
S&S of dislocated contact lens
-loss of vision acuity
-presence of foreign body sensation
35
contact lens removal
-remove ASAP after injury
-ask athlete to remove lens
-open eye as much as possible and pinch eye
36
chemical burns of the eye
-S&S: rapid onset of pain, foreign body sensation, loss of vision
-swelling
-blanching of cornea of conjunctiva
37
management of chemical burns of eye
-irrigate eye with saline or water
-patch the eye
-transport to ER with sample of chemical
38
PEARL
pupils equal and reactive to light
39
large, hard objects may cause what eye pathology
orbital fracture
periorbital contusion
40
large, elastic objects may cause what eye pathology
blowout fracture
ruptured globe
corneal abrasion
traumatic iritis
periorbital contusion
41
small, hard objects may cause what eye pathology
ruptured globe
corneal abrasion
corneal laceration
traumatic iritis
42
small, elastic objects may cause what eye pathology
ruptured globe
blowout fracture
corneal abrasion
traumatic iritis
43
teardrop pupil may indicate
corneal laceration
ruptured globe
44
numbness of cheek and lateral nose indicated
-infraorbital nerve injury from orbital floor (blowout) fracture
45
malocclusion
deviation in normal alignment of 2 opposable tissues
46
external ear
pinna (auricle)
external auditory canal
lateral surface of tympanic membrane
47
middle ear
ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
48
inner ear
vestibule
semicircular canals
cohclea
49
what separates external and middle ear
tympanic membrane
50
external nose
-bone in proximal 1/3 of nose
-cartilage in lower 2/3 covered by skin
51
internal nose
-2 cavities separated by a septum
52
air filled spaces within the cranium
paranasal sinuses
53
oral cavity contents
lips
cheeks
tongue
teeth
salivary glands
54
how many teeth
32
55
muscle used to close the mouth and chew
masseter
56
muscles used to open the mouth and chew
diagastric
mylohyoid
medial and lateral pterygoid
57
deafness
inability to detect any sound
58
conductive hearing loss
-sound conduction pathway is blocked
-mechanical dysfunction
59
sensorineural hearing loss
-connection to the brain is impaired
-hearing loss involves the inner ear
60
MOI of zygomatic fracture
blow to cheek or periorbital area
61
MOI of mandible fracture
direct blow to mandible anteriorly or laterally
62
S&S of mandible fracture
-pain at fracture site
-headahce
-tinnitus
-balance disruptions
63
management of mandibular fracture
-pain opening and closing mouth
-swelling or deformity over site
-step deformity between teeth
-maloccusion
-bruising
-tender, crepitus, bony deformtiy
-refer
64
type 1 Le Fort fracture
only maxillary bone
65
type 2 Le Fort fracture
maxillary and nasal bones
66
type 3 Le Fort fracture
zygomatic bones, orbit as well as maxillary and nasal bone
67
otitis externa
-aka swimmers ear
-inflammation or infection of external auditory canal and tympanic membrane
-presents with discharge
68
otitis media
-fluid in middle ear
-S&S of infection
-may occur with URI
-viral or bacterial
-pain worsens at night
-fever or ear tugging
-Weber hearing test
69
MOI of ruptured tympanic membrnae
-mechanical pressure: slap to ear or blocked sneeze
-mechanical intrusion: cleaning ear with object
-strong valsalva maneuver
70
S&S of ruptured tympanic membrane
-pain radiating inward and outward
-hearing loss
-tinnitus
-blood or leaking fluids
-inside redness
71
management of ruptured tympanic membrane
-keep ear dry
-pain and inflammatory response = dizziness
-refer
72
MOI of auricular hematoma
single or repeated trauma (wrestling)
73
S&S of auricular hematoma
ear and canal appear red and swollen
-chronic: hardened nodules
-hearing impairment
74
throat injury
-respiratory distress
-inability to speak or change in voice
-loss of consciouness
-bruising around larynx
-examine inside the mouth
-bloody sputum
-refer
75
which dental injuries do you remove from play
class II, III, and IV
76
dental injury management
-luxated tooth: find tooth and immediately reimplant
-tooth fracture: follow up with dentist, return to play with mouthguard (class I only)
77
allergic rhinitis
-immune response (immunoglobulin E)
-nasally inhaled allergens causing sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal pruritus, congestion
78
nonallergic rhinitis
-results from nasal inflammation due to infection, vasomotor, occupational, hormonal, drug-induced, and GI
-produces excessive mucus
79
sinisitis
-inflammation of mucus membrane lining of nasal cavity
-acute, subacute, recurrent, or chronic
-bacterial or viral
-occurs when infectious materials cause blockage of pathways
80
deviated septum
-occurs from trauma (blow to the nose)
-epistaxis
-may lead to chronic nasal obstruction
81
epistaxis
-aka nosebleed
-common occurance in athletes
82
where do 90% of nosebleeds occur from
Kiesslebach's plexus on septum
83
tooth reimplantation
-rinse avulsed tooth with water or saline before reimplanting
-hold into socket by biting with gauze
-proper orientation
-store tooth in milk
84
TMJ
-pain opening and closing and mouth
-decreased ROM
-clicking noises
-MOI: lateral blow
-teeth malaligned
-refer
-philadelphia collar
85
facial lacerations management
-control bleeding
-palpated for fracture
-do not remove objects
-clean and dress wound
-refer
-travel with loose pieces
86
S&S of laryngeal injuries
-progressive swelling
-crepitation
-stridor
-blood exiting oral cavity
87
management of laryngeal injuries
-trouble breathing = refer asap
-no = sideline and ice throat
88
pharyngitis
inflammation of pharynx
-aka sore throat
89
what causes tonsilitis
beta-hemolytic streptococcus
90
laryngitis
-inflammation of larynx
-occurs with common cold, bronchitis, pneumonia, flu
-acute or chronic
-MOI: direct trauma, GERD, allergies, smoking, excessive voice
-cheerleaders nodules
91
oral mucosal lesions
-MOI: local trauma, infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, neoplastic diseases, toxic reactions
-refer for possible oral cancer or infectious diseases
92
oral candidiasis
-aka thrush
-caused by yeast like fungus candida albians
-white, cheesy, curdlike patch on tongue
-common in newborns or after antibiotics
-treat with oral rinse and antifungal meds
93
oral cancers
-tongue, lips and gums
-risk factors: tobacco use, alcohol use, poor oral hygiene, over 40 yo, family history
94
gingivitis
inflammatory condition of gums causes by bacteria
-inadequate brushing causing plaque deposits
95
periodontitis
results in receding gum line and loss of alveolar bone
96
Bell's palsy
-inhibition of facial nerve
-secondary to trauma or disease
-flaccidity of facial muscles
97
management of nasal fracture and epistaxis
-control bleeding
-squeeze and tilt
-ice pack
-rolled gauze
-palpate for tenderness or crepitus
-ice
98
2 steps of respiration
ventilation
oxygenation
99
responsibility of upper respiratory tract
warming, humidifying, and filtering the air
100
2 components that lead to obstruction in asthma
inflammation and spasm
101
common asthma triggers
allergens
stress or anxiety
smoke or pollutants
cold temps
exercise
102
S&S of asthma
chest tightness
coughing
difficulty breathing
shortness of breath
sleep problems
wheezing or whistling
103
obstructive lung disease airways obstruct outflow of air
asthma
104
management of asthma
-avoid triggers
-rescue meds
-proper usage of meds
-mask and nose breathing to warm and moisterize the air
105
controller meds for asthma
daily long term interventions to manage symptoms
106
rescue meds for asthma
act rapidly to treat acute bronchoconstriction and associated symptoms of coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, and chest tightness
107
MOI of bronchial asthma
caused by viral respiratory tract infection, emotional upset, changes in pressure or temp, exercise, inhalation of noxious odors, exposure to allergen
108
S&S of bronchial asthma
-spasm of smooth bronchial musculature
-edema
-inflammation of mucus membrane
-difficulty breathing
-hyperventilation
-dizziness
-coughing
-wheezing
-shortness of breath
-fatigue
109
MOI of exercise induced bronchospasm
-brought on by exercise
-monitor pulmonary fxn 5, 10, 15, 30 min with exercises
-common in winter sports or cold temps
110
S&S of exercise induced bronchospasm
-narrowing of airways due to spasm and excess mucus
-tight chest
-breathlessness
-coughing
-wheezing
-nausea
-hypertension
-fatigue
-headache
-redness of skin
111
management of exercise induced bronchospasm
-regular exercise with warm up and cool down
-inhaled bronchodilators
-exercise in warm, humid air
112
any inflammatory condition of the bronchial passages
bronchitis
-acute or chronic
-usually viral
113
MOI of acute bronchitis
-infectious winter disease that follows common cold or viral infection
-fatigue, malnutrition, or becoming chilled are predisposing factors (compromised immune system)
114
S&S of acute bronchitis
-URI
-nasal inflammation
-profuse discharge
-slight fever (3-5 days)
-sore throat
-back muscle pains
-cough (2-3 wks)
-yellow mucus = infection
115
management of acute bronchitis
-avoid sleeping in cold
-avoid exercising in the cold
-rest until fever goes away
-hydrate
-antipyretics and analgesics
-cough suppressant
116
nonreversible airway obstruction typically in long term smokers
COPD
117
2 categories of COPD
emphysema
chronic bronchitis
118
destruction of the alveoli and pulmonary capillary bed
emphysema
119
excessive mucus production with upper airway obstruction
chronic bronchitis
120
MOI of COPD
long term exposure to lung irritants
121
S&S of COPD
-mucus production
-coughing
-wheezing
-shortness of breath
-chest tightness
122
pathophysiology of COPD
-airways and air sacs lose their elasticity
-walls between sacs are destroyed
-walls are thick and inflamed
-airways make excessive mucus = clogs
123
spirometry
volume of air in and out of lung and speed function
124
COPD treatment
-stop smoking
-excercise progression
-pulmonary rehab
-bronchodilatory
-inhaled glucocorticosteroids
-annual flu and pneumonia shot
125
MOI of cystic fibrosis
genetic disorder that can manifest os obstructive pulmonary disease, pancreatic deficiency, urogenital dysfunction, increased electrolyte sweating
-life expectancy 30 yrs
126
S&S of cystic fibrosis
-bronchitis
-pneumonia
-respiratory failure
-gall bladder disease
-pancreatitis
-diabetes
-nutritional deficiencies
-high production of mucus
127
management of cystic fibrosis
-antibiotics to control pulmonary disease
-consistent postural changes to mobilize secretions
-high fluid intake to thin secretions
128
MOI of pneumonia
-infection of alveoli and bronchioles from viral, bacterial, or fungal
-irritation from chemicals, aspiration of vomit
-alveoli fill with exudate, inflammatory cells and fibrin
129
S&S of pneumonia
-low pulse ox
-chest xray
-bacteria will have a rapid onset
-high fever, chills, pain with breathing
-decreased breath sounds
-rhonchi on ausculation
-coughing of purulent
-yellow sputum
-short breaths
130
management of pneumonia
-antibiotics
-deep breathing exercises to remove sputum
-analgesics and antipyretics for pain and fever
131
descriptive term for any inflammation of pluera that causes pain
pleurisy
-aka pleuritis or pleuritic chest pain
-may develop with lung inflammation (pneumonia or TB)
132
diagnosis given to any number of self-limited viral infections affecting upper respiratory tract
upper respiratory infection
-common cold
-highly transmissable
133
highly contagious bacterial infection
TB
-highly contagious
134
one of the most common cancers in the US
lung cancer
135
spontaneous collapsed lung S&S
sharp pain
chest pain increases with breath
136
tension collapsed lung S&S
traumatic
foreign body
rib fracture
137
pleural cavity becomes filled with air, negatively pressurizing the cavity, causing the lung to collapse
pneumothorax
138
S&S of pneumothorax
pleuritic chest pain
cough increases pain
absent lung sounds
139
pleural sac on one side fills with air displacing lung and heart, compressing the opposite lung
tension pneumothorax
140
S&S of tension pneumothorax
-shortness of breath
-chest pain
-absence of breath sounds
-cyanosis
-distention of neck veins
-deviated trachea
-needle decompression
141
S&S of hemothorax
-painful breathing
-dyspnea
-coughing up frothy blood
-signs of shock
142
normal breathing rate
12-20 breaths/min
143
hyperpnea
tachypnea with very large breaths (hyperventilation)
144
hypopnea
shallow, slow breaths
145
orthopnea
shortness of breath when lying down
146
palpable vibration generated from larynx and transmitted through patient's bronchi and lungs to chest wall
tactile fremitus (say 99)
147
3 sounds heard with lung ausculation
-bronchial breath sounds
-bronchovesicular breath sounds
-vesicular breath sounds
148
pulmonary circuit of the heart
right side atrium and ventricle
149
systemic circuit of the heart
left side atrium and ventricle
150
valve between right atria and ventricle
tricuspid valve
151
valve between left atria and ventricle
mitral (bicuspid) valve
152
which side is the aorta on the heart
left side
153
carry oxygenated blood to tissues via high-pressure system
arteries
154
return deoxygenated blood to atria under much lower pressure system
veins
155
electrical stimulus through the atria (atrial depolarization)
P wave
156
time between stimuli of atria and ventricles
PR interval
157
stimuli traveling through ventricles (ventricular depolarization)
QRS complex
158
ventricular repolarization (relaxing)
ST segment and T wave
159
final stage of ventricular repolarization
U wave
160
causes of sudden cardiac death
HCM
long QT syndrome
wolff-parkinson-white syndrome
ARVSD
commotio cordis
161
MOI of sudden cardiac death
-HCM: thickening of cardiac muscle
-anomalous origin of coronary arteries
-Marfan's syndrome
-cardiac issues
-drug and alcohol abuse, interracial bleeding, obstructive respiratory disease
162
S&S of sudden cardiac death
-most are asymptomatic
-may have chest pain, heart palpitations, syncope, nausea, profuse sweating, shortness of breath, malaise, fever
163
management/prevention of sudden cardiac death
-counseling and screening
-history of heart murmurs
-chest pain with activity
-fainting episodes
-family history
-echo/ECG
164
what is affected with commotio cordis
upstroke of T wave
165
MOI of commotio cordis
-syndrome resulting in cardiac arrest due to traumatic blunt impact to chest
-contact sports are at risk
166
S&S of commotio cordis
ventricular fibrillation
167
management of commotio cordis
-AED ASAP
-low success rate
168
leading cause of sudden cardiac death in athletes in US under 35 yo
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
169
what is HCM
abnormally hypertrophies but no dilated left ventricle in absence of physiological conditions
-decreased chamber volume and diastolic filling = decreased stroke volume and cardiac output
170
S&S of HCM
fatigue
dyspena
exertional angina
syncope
palpatations
murmur
171
HCM play restrictions
restricted from all competitive sports, only low intensity (golf/bowling)
172
diagnosis of HCM
-echo
-increased ventricular wall thickness >15mm
-ventricular septum/free wall thickness ration <1:3
-abnormal diastolic filing
173
second leading cause of sudden death in athletes
coronary artery abnormalities
-deviating or abnormal coronary artery takeoff or complete absence of artery
174
autosomal dominant hereditary disorder of connective tissue
Marfans
175
S&S of Marfans
-arm span greater than height
-kyphoscoliosis
-family history
-funnel chest/pectus deformity
-decreased upper body strength to lower
-aortic dissection
176
typical characteristics of Marfans
-tall, thin body frame
-excessively long arms, legs, and digits
-arm span longer than height
-hypermobile joints
-pectus deformity
-myopia
-thumb test
-wrist test
177
inflammatory acute or chronic diseases process of cardiac myocytes often resulting from enteroviral infections
myocarditis
-inflammation of myocardium
178
congenital aortic stenosis
-bicuspid valve malformation
-impaired left ventricular outflow with compensatory hypertrophy of interventricular septum and left ventricular free wall
179
S&S of mitral valve prolapse
chest pain
heart palpitations
shortness of breath
syncope
180
diagnosis for mitral valve prolapse
asculative findings of mid to late systolic apical click with systolic murmur
-echo
-Holter monitoring
-no treatment if asymptomatic
meds for dental procedures
181
arrhythmias
-electrical pathway of heart can malfunction without warning
-recur frequently or disappear for years
-usually from increased vagal tone
-may compromise blood flow and BP
182
wolff-parkinson-white syndrome
-ventricular preexcitation and tachycardia from electrical conduction over accessory pathways
-short PR interval and prolonged QRS complex with early depolarization
183
long QT syndrome
-ventricular repolarization abnormality (QT prolongation)
-high risk for syncope and ventriclar arrhythmias
-congenital or acquired
184
standard tests for syncope
-orthostatic vital signs
-CBC
-blood glucose
-electrolytes
-resting ECG
185
neurocardiogenic syncope
anxious, fearful, panic situations
-may require tilt-table test
186
vasovagal/orthostatic syncope
usually responding to needles or pain
-no sport restriction
187
S&S of hypertension
headaches
malaise
visual problems
exercise intolerance
188
normal BP
under 120/80
189
elevated BP
120-129/less than 80
190
stage 1 hypertension
130-139/80-90
191
stage 2 hypertension
140+/90+
192
hypertensive crisis
180+/120+
193
common offenders of hypertension
-high sodium diet
-caffeine
-nasal decongestants
-nicotine
-NSAIDs
-banned drugs
194
participations with hypertension
-moderate (140-179/90-109) may still participate
-severe hypertensive athlete refrain from high intensity activity
195
untreated hypertension can lead to serious consequences such as
-heart disease
-CAD
-atherosclerosis
-renal disease
-visual changes
-neurological impairment
196
causes of DVT
trauma
surgery
prolonged sitting
oral contraceptives
197
S&S of DVT
-limb pain/swelling
-edema distal to affected area
-Homan's sign
-increased temp
198
treatment of DVT
anticoagulants
-avoid contact sports
199
occurs when blood clot becomes lodged in one of the pulmonary blood vessels
pulmonary embolus
-interrupt gas exchange
200
S&S of pulmonary embolus
-acute dyspnea or chest pain
-recent surgery
-recent long sitting
-fever
-treatment and RTP is same as DVT
201
decreased number of RBC or decreased hemoglobin concentration
anemia
202
what triggers anemia
NSAIDs
antibiotics
illness
203
S&S of anemia
-weakness
-fatigue
-dizziness
-headaches
-dyspnea
-pallor
-jaundice
-craving crunchy food (iron deficienct)
204
treatment of anemia
325 mg ferrous sulfate 3x day
-daily therapy up to 6 mo
-athletes perform as tolerated
205
what causes peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
atherosclerosis
-risk factors: smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia
206
Hallmark of PAD
intermittent claudication = cramping, weakness, pain, numbness in affected muscles
207
intravascular breakdown of RBC as result of rigors of physical activity
hemolysis
-may result in anemia
208
people with 1 sickle cell gene have
sickle cell trait
209
people with 2 sickle cell genes have
sickle cell anemia
210
sickle cell anemia sport restriciton
usually restricted from participation in athletics
211
trait carriers of sickle cell sport restriction
not restricted
-prone to heat illness
212
S&S of sickle cell trait
-heat intolerance
-severe muscle cramping
-hyperventilation
-rhabdomyolysis
213
management of sickle cell trait
-good hydration
-RTP under condition of avoiding the triggers
214
S&S of sickle cell anemia
-fever
-pallor
-muscle weakness
-pain in limbs
-pain in upper quadrant (splenic infarction)
-headaches and convulsions
215
management of sickle cell anemia
-anticoagulants
-analgesics for pain
216
normal pulse
60-80(100) bpm
217
weak pulse indicates
shock, heart failure, obstruction
218
strong pulse indicates
anxiety, anemia, hyperthyroidism
219
bisferiens pulse indicates
HCM or aortic regurgitation
220
influences on BP
-dehydration
-cardiac output
-arterial elasticity
-weight lifting
-aerobic exercise
-orthostatic hypotension (low BP from going from seating to standing)
221
T/F resting HR and BP drops with aerobic training
true
222
what valve are you listening to at 2nd right intercostal space at right sternal border
aortic valve
223
what valve are you listening to at 2nd left intercostal space at left sternal border
pulmonic valve
224
what valve are you listening to at 3rd intercostal space at left sternal border
2nd pulmonic valve
225
what valve are you listening to at 4th intercostal space along lower left sternal border
tricuspid valve
226
what valve are you listening to at 5th intercostal space at apex of heart
mitral valve
227
what is inflamed in an athlete who has mono
spleen
228
what is a classic procedure used to determine whether an individual is malingering during a performance of functional and special tests
Hoover test
229
primary flexor of the spine
rectus abdominis
230
what is typical indication of a positive cervical compression test
-narrowing of intervertebral foramen
-degeneration of facet joints
-irritation of dural sheath surrounding the spinal cord at cervical level
231
an athlete with suspect nerve root impingement may self report pain with
lifting weights
sneezing
during bowel movements
232
typical mechanism of spondys
hyperextensions
233
which TOS test would be positive is compression is by pec minor
Roos
Allens
Adsons
234
special test performed by running blunt object or fingernail across crest of anteromedial tibia
oppenheim
235
what shape of cervical spine is considered healthy
lordotic curve
236
what is not correct when conducting the vertebral artery test
examiner passively flexes the cervical spine
237
begining testing maneuver for Spurling test
passive extension
238
first sacral vertebra failing to unite with remainder of sacrum
lumbarization
239
articulation between anterior arch of atlas and dens form
atlanto-axial joint
240
what does vertebral arteries and veins pass thru
transverse foramen
241
cricoid cartilage located anterior to what cervical vertebra
C6
242
how many intevertebral discs are there
23
243
primary function of anterior longitudinal ligament is to limit what spinal movement
extension
244
what muscle group is primary mover for spinal extension and controls rate of spinal flexion against gravity thru eccentric contractions
erector spinae
245
occurs when 5th lumbar vertebrae becomes fused with sacrum
sacralization
246
common cause of cervical radiculopathy
disc herniation
osteophyte formation
-pressure placed on cervical nerve roots that causes pain and spasm in cervical region
247
common site for cervical disc herniations
C5-C6
C6-C7
248
S&S of degenerative joint and disc disease
joint pain
cervical stiffness
AROM and PROM limited due to pain and stiffness
249
S&S of cervical instability
tender to palpation
muscle spasm
poor control in mid-range of AROM
250
what causes cervical instability
poor posture
repetitive movement
muscular weakness
damage to passive restraints
251
MOI of facet joint dysfunction
acute trauma such as whiplash or repetitive motion
252
S&S of facet joint dysfunction
-posterior neck pain
-clicking or catching
-localized pain, lateral to spinous process
-dislocation, subluxation, or degeneration of facet
-decrease in symptoms with increase in activity
-facetectomy
253
MOI for brachial plexus injury
traction or impingement
-aka stinger
-Erbs point
254
what causes TOS
pressure on trunks and medial cord of brachial plexus, subclavian artery, and subclavian vein
255
management of TOS
correct posture
correct muscle testing
256
narrowing of the spinal column or intevertebral foramen
spinal stenosis
257
S&S of spinal stenosis
pain during walking
numbness or tingling
weakness
radiating pain
258
extrusion of the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosus
disc herniation
259
S&S of segmental instability
frequent low back pain
short term pain relief from manipulation
catchy or jerky AROM
260
treatment goals with segmental instability
postural control
core stability exercises
biomechanical education
261
erector spinae muscle strain
-MOI: heavy or repetitive lifting
-aching pain in low back
-pain increases with flexion and extension
262
spondylolysis
-collared Scotty dog
-localized low back pain that restricts extension
-defect in Paris interarticularis
263
spondylolisthesis
-progression of spondylolysis
-separation of vertebra
-decapitated Scotty dog
264
causes of SI dysfunction
-injury or degeneration of pubic symphysis
-tight hamstrings (posterior tilt)
-tight hip flexors (anterior tilt)
265
S&S of SI dysfunction
pain over SI joint
compression or distraction of pelvis replicates symptoms
266
Scheuermann disease
juvenile hyphosis
13-16 yo
schmorl node
267
S&S of cervical myelopathy
-severe compression of the spinal cord
-sensory disturbance of the hands
-muscle wasting of hand
-unsteady gait
-hyperreflexia
-bowel or bladder disturbance
-multisegmental weakness or sensory changes
268
S&S of neoplastic conditions
-age 50+
-previous history of cancer
-unexplained weight loss
-constant pain
-night pain
269
S&S of upper cervical ligamentous instability
-occipital headache and numbness
-severe limitation during neck AROM
-signs of cervical myelopathy
270
S&S of vertebral artery insufficiency
-drop attacks
-dizziness of lightedness
-dysphasia
-dysarthria
-double vision
positive cranial nerve signs
271
upper limb tension test positive for
cervical radiculopathy
-stabalize shoulder joint and move shoulder into ROM with elbow flexed and extended
272
Babinski test
scrap the bottom of the foot
-positive = fanning of the toes
273
positive cervical compression test
cervical radiculopathy
274
positive Spurling test
cervical radiculopathy
-assess symptoms in normal resting, have them flex one side (side of referred symptoms), apply compression
275
positive cervical distraction
cervical radiculopathy
276
TOS tes
Adson
Allen
Military Brace
Roos
277
nerve root impingement special tests
valsalva test
milligram test
kerning test
straight leg raise test
well or cross straight leg
slump test
278
open chain
non weight bearing
279
closed chain
weight bearing
280
length-tension relationship
muscles that are too long or too short can produce adverse stress on joint
281
agonist muscle
muscle that contracts to perform the primary movement
282
antagonist muscle
performs the opposite movement of the agonist
283
reciprocal inhibition
agonist reflexively relaxes to allow agonists motion to occurc
284
co-contraction
concurrent contraction of the agonist and antagonist muscle (tensing up)
285
how to obtain a natural posture
-march in place 10x
-roll shoulder back n forth 3x
-nod head back n forth 5x
-inhale and exhale deeply
286
step
sequence of events from a specific point in the gait on one extremity to the same point in the opposite extremity
287
step length
distance traveled between initial contacts of right and left foot
288
step width
distance between points of contact of both feet
289
stride
two sequential steps
290
adult average steps
107 +/- 2.7 steps/min
291
contact of the foot with the ground creates force yielding vertical, anteroposterior, and mediolateral components
ground reaction force
292
center of pressure
shows path of the pressure point under the foot during gait
293
what is included in the stance phase
-weight bearing
-initial contact
-loading response
-midstance
-terminal stance
-preswing
-begins with initial contact with surface and ends when the contact is broken
294
what is included in the swing phase
-non weight bearing
-initial swing
-mid swing
-terminal swing
-begins at instant the foot leaves the surface and ends just before initial contact
295
interventions for correcting gait and posture
-cue words or phrases
-footprints on the floor for visual feedback
-hand on body segment for kinesthetic feedback
-orthotics
-different shoes
-strength training
-flexibility or ROM exercises
296
which of the following is not a common response pointing toward possible postural involvement in an injury
specific activity aggravating one muscle
297
when assessing muscle length of the gastroc, what dorsiflexion measurement may affect walking gait
less than 10 degrees dorsiflexion
298
what is the term for the point where acting and myosin myofilaments overlap and maximum tension cannot be produced
active insufficiency
299
what body type can be described as having avg body mass and medium joint surfaces
mesomorph
300
which of the following is not a common cause of forward shoulder posture
lengthened anterior chest muscles
301
during stance phase of gait, what critical event is associated with the period of midstance
single limb support
302
what is the point inside or outside the body where all things are equally balanced
center of gravity
303
which of the following changes will occur if a true leg length discrepancy is present
pronation on the long leg
304
during which period of the stance phase of gait should one demonstrate the greatest hip flexion angle
initial contact
305
what observational gait analysis finding is often made when an athlete has hamstring strain or tight hamstrings
excessive knee flexion at initial contact
306
functional unit of gait
stride
307
the large space behind the lens of the eye is filled with what
vitreous humor
308
a BP cuff too small for an athlete will result in
abnormally high BP reading
309
when evaluating the internal structures of the eye, the optic disk can be most easily located by following what structures
blood vessels
310
an athlete with viral conjunctivities may RTP when
the condition is completely resolved
311
systematic approach of an examination
comprehensive med history
systemic review
condition-specific
312
what part of the inner ear encodes the mechanical vibrations as electrical impulses that are sent to the 8th CN
cochlea
313
pulse ox at what % is identified as a critical level of hypoxia
85%
