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A&P 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Hydrophobic bonds

A

Nonpolar bonds (C-H)

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2
Q

Hydrophilic bonds

A

Polar (charges on O and N attached to H or C)

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3
Q

Common/important oxidizing agent in cell metabolism

A

NAD

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4
Q

Most potent oxidizing agent

A

Oxygen

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5
Q

Amino group more acidic

A

R-NH3+

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6
Q

Amino group more basic

A

R-NH2

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7
Q

Carboxylic acid more acidic

A

R-COOH

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8
Q

Carboxylic acid more basic

A

R-COO neg

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9
Q

Most common bond between C-H

A

Covalent

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10
Q

Most frequent type of bond

A

Polar- covalent

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11
Q

Carbs 3 functions

A

E source, E storage, cell structure

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12
Q

Lipid (fats) functions

A

E source, E storage, act as cytokines, form structures like cell membranes

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13
Q

Protein functions

A

Form structural aspects of cells, act as receptor, transport, “cytokines”, enzyme

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14
Q

Nucleic acid functions

A

Genetic material, form structure components of cells (ribosomes)

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15
Q

Alpha maltose

A

Glc-Glc

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16
Q

Sucrose

A

Glc-Frc

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17
Q

Lactose

A

Gal-Glc

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18
Q

Main fuel source for most cells

A

Glucose

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19
Q

Alpha position

A

Below ring

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20
Q

Beta position

A

Above ring

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21
Q

Alpha D- glucose

A

6 ring structure with hydroxyl group on C 1 in alpha position

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22
Q

What’s needed to make arachidonic acid into eicosenoids

A

COX enzyme

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23
Q

Is alpha or beta D glucose more stable

A

Beta

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24
Q

D glucose or L glucose physiologically active

A

D glucose

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25
What formula do all monosaccharides have
C6H12O6
26
Where do glucose attach in glycogen
Alpha 1,4
27
Where does branching occur in glycogen
Alpha 1,6
28
What saccharides make up starch
Amylopectin and amylose
29
Is amylose branched
No
30
Is amylopectin more branched than glycogen
No
31
Name 3 structural carbs/heteropolysaccharides
Alpha-D chondroitin 4 sulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparin
32
Name 4 monosaccharides
Glucose, sucrose, fructose, ribose
33
What makes up the extra cellular matrix in connective tissue
Heteropolysaccharides
34
Are heteropolysaccharides intracellular or extracellular
Extracellular
35
What are the building blocks of lipids
Fatty acids
36
Is palmitic acid saturated or unsaturated
Saturated
37
Is palmitoleic and oleic acid saturated or unsaturated
Unsaturated
38
Most common type of dietary fat we burn as energy
Triglycerides
39
Structure of triglycerides
Glycerol connected to 3 fatty acid chains
40
Structure of phospholipids
Diglyceride connected to 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group, and some alcohol
41
What type of lipid is amphipathic
Phospholipids
42
Are fatty acids hydrophilic or hydrophobic
Hydrophobic
43
Example of a steroid molecule we make
Cholesterol
44
What can act as a “steroid cytokines”
Cholesterol — can make testosterone, estrogen, progestins, glucocorts
45
Prostaglandin functions
Mediate inflammation and affects smooth muscle contraction
46
Thromboxane functions
Promote platelet aggregation and blood clotting
47
Leukotriene function
Bronchoconstriction and increased capillary permeability — “slow anaphylaxis”
48
Leukotrienes are produced from arachidonic acid with which enzyme
Lipoxygenase
49
Name 3 things that influence the conformation of proteins
Temp, pH, ligands
50
What’s a ligand
Anything that attaches to a protein
51
What are the building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
52
What does a peptide bond connect
Carboxylic acid and amino group
53
Define a primary structure in proteins
Structure of AA sequence in line bond form
54
Define a secondary structure in proteins
3D structure WITHIN the primary structure (alpha helix, beta pleated sheets, reverse turn)
55
Define tertiary structure of a protein
3D structure of a whole peptide (fibrous vs. globular) These are MONOMERIC
56
Define quaternary structure of a protein
Overall shape of polymeric protein IE: Hgb
57
What are chains of nucleotides
Nucleic acids
58
What 3 things is a nucleotide made of
5 C sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate
59
What are the purines
AMP, GMP
60
What are the pyrimidines
DNA- CMP, dTMP RNA- CMP, UMP
61
What can form nucleotides with ribose
AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP
62
What can form nucleotides with deoxyribose
AMP, GMP, dTMP, CMP
63
What causes antiparallel pairing in DNA
The nitrogenous groups facing each other
64
How many chromosomes are in a nucleus
46, 23 pairs
65
Give characteristics of DNA
Long chains, double stranded helix, only in cell nucleus, contains all genetic info, pairing A-T and C-G
66
Give characteristics of RNA
Short chains; single stranded; found in nucleus, cytoplasm, and ribosomes
67
How many DNA molecules are in 1 chromosome
1
68
What makes up a chromosome
DNA and proteins
69
How many nucleotides do you need for 1 AA
3
70
What’s a gene
A sequence of nucleotide that codes for AA’s sequence in peptide
71
Where does protein synthesis occur
In the ribosomes
72
What is transcription
Where mRNA leaves nucleus through pore to the ribosome
73
Another name for translation
Protein/polypeptide synthesis
74
Function of ATP
Energy currency of cell
75
Function of CoA
Carrier protein for acetyl groups
76
Function of NAD
Oxidizing agent
77
Function of neurotransmitters
“Cytokines” — any regulatory molecule
78
Function of cAMP
Second messenger
79
Glucose structure

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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