Exam 1 Flashcards
(191 cards)
1
Q
Primary Anion of ECF?
A
Chloride (Cl-)
2
Q
Drug that Inhibits COX1?
A
Aspirin; watch for bleeding from inhibition of TXA2 (Thrombane)
3
Q
Phosphatidylserine (cytosolic)
A
Immune Marker; uses Flippase to send “serine” back into the cell, if it goes outside cell wall (needs ATP to accomplish this); if cell is dying/no energy, then “serine” stays outside the wall, causing an immune response (attacks and destroys whole cell); bad if the cell is healthy
4
Q
What is the constant to multiply osmo by to get your total osmotic pressure?
A
19.3 mmHg
5
Q
What is driving force?
A
ion is most motivated to get into cell; based off concentration gradient
6
Q
Homeostasis: Energy
A
work, heat, potential energy
7
Q
How Many Na+ molecules moved to ECF via pump?
A
3 Na+ molecules
8
Q
Feedback in Action
A
SEE Compensated/Decompensated Shock
9
Q
Proteins in the Cell
A
Passage for material to get thru cell wall; stringed AA together to get task completed; functional and structural
10
Q
Na/Glucose Pump (SGLT)
A
Speeds up the process of getting glucose into the cell by binding it with Na+; Secondary active transport; found in Kidney
11
Q
Cell Membrane
A
In vs Out of cell; Phospholipid Bilayer; Head = hydrophilic, Tail = hydrophobic
12
Q
How to calculate Osmotic Pressure?
A
(280 mOsm/1L) x (19.3 mmHg) = 5400 mmHg [per chart in Lec 1]
13
Q
How much blood can body lose? How much can’t it afford to lose?
A
20% of blood can be lost; 40% cannot = death/vicious cycle
14
Q
What is conductance?
A
The ease @ which ions get across the cell well
15
Q
Resting Membrane Potential Voltage?
A
-80 mV
16
Q
Concentration of ICF Na and Ca, if NaK ATPase pump stops working?
A
Increased Na and Ca, as they cannot leave the cell via NCX (no energy since 2nd degree active transport)
17
Q
What is an enzyme?
A
“-ase”; protein that breaks down material; speed up chemical process
18
Q
Negative Feedback
A
Change is (-) to stimuli; change is sensed by sensors, eliciting response; Thermostat Ex: Temp increased, AC kicks on to decrease
19
Q
Nucleus
A
Center/Brain of cell; contains DNA; 2x phosphobilayer for protection
20
Q
Does depolarizing a cell make it more negative or positive?
A
Cell is more (+) charge; think of Na+ in action potential
21
Q
Which drug class affects the action potential when it is in limbo?
A
“-caine”; lido, bupiv, ropiv
22
Q
Normal Body Temp - per lecture
A
37 degrees celcius
23
Q
How many cells in body? How many RBC? How often do RBC get replaced? - per lecture
A
35 trillion; 25 trillion; 90-120 days
24
Q
Who coined the term Homeostasis?
A
Walter Cannon
25
What is Osmolality?
Quantity dissolved in 1 Kg of H2O; impractical but more accurate; impractical b/c technically solute dissolved in 1 Kg/blood, so when you draw someones blood, going to get other stuff besides pure blood
26
Steady State vs Equilibrium?
SS: contributes to homeostasis; refers to constant relative sustained differences (if Na is 140 ECF, Na stays 14 ICF - body keeps it constant)
Equilibrium: Equalizes the internal w external environment; can be BAD (if body temp inside was same as outside, you die)
27
Compensated Shock
(-) FB system works well! Body is able to return back to homeostasis
28
Formula for Nernst Potential?
+- 61 x log (ICF/ECF)
29
Nernst of Cl-?
NEED GIVEN CONCENTRATION
30
Sphingomyelin
precursor to myelin in nervous system
31
Primary Active Transport (1st degree)
Directly uses ATP
32
Granulated Endoplasmic Reticulum
Granulated b/c ribosomes on surface give "rough" appearance; create protein in the cells; stores Ca+
33
Definition of Tissues
Group of cells
34
How Proteins are created
DNA -> DNA Transcript-> RNA-> RNA outside nucleus-> Ribosomes (link AA to create protein)-> cytosol (part of cytoplasm)
35
Hyperpolarized
more polar; Cell is more (-) charge; Na+ channel is closing and K+ channel is opening slowly
36
Fraction of ICF/L in 100 kg man?
40L
37
% water of body weight in Kg for healthy 100 kg man?
60L
38
Definition of Homeostasis
Body's tendency to maintain stabilized internal environment, despite internal/external factors
39
Fraction of ECF/L in 80 kg man?
16L
40
What is Osmotic Pressure?
Physical pressure required to prevent osmosis from occurring through a semipermeable membrane into an osmotic-active solution; in mmHg
41
What does AVP stand for?
Arginine Vasopressin
42
Cell Membrane vs Capillary Membrane?
Cell Membrane: Very difficult to pass; to pass, must have no charge and possibly a carrier
Capillary Membrane: allows ions to pass into CV system/plasma; HARD for proteins to leave CV system, hence increased protein in Plasma vs Interstitial fluid
43
What is a concentration gradient?
High-->low concentration; Ex: Na ECF 140--> ICF 14; Na wants to go IN the cell! REQUIRES ENERGY TO GO AGAINST
44
Primary Buffer of ECF?
HCO3
45
What % of energy in the cell used is from Na+K+ ATPase pump?
70%
46
Fraction of Extracellular Fluid and how many L in 70 kg man?
1/3 ECF, 14L
47
When to use "-" in Nernst Potential?
Use "-" when Cation; Na+, K+, Ca++
48
“Phosphatidyl” in Lungs?
assemble to make surfactant within the lung (important for breaking surface tension); all known lung diseases have issues with surfactant
49
K+ vs Na+ Resting State Cell Permeability?
K+ is 10x more permeable than Na+ at a rested state; (10:1)
50
Sex Hormones Created from Cholesterol?
Estradiol, Testosterone,Progesterone, Androstenedione
51
Insoluble Compounds
Cholesterol, steroid hormones, lipids, NO2, Propofol
52
Initiation of Translation Occurs @ which location?
Cytosol
53
Active Transport
REQUIRES ENERGY to get across chemical gradient; 1st Degree and 2nd Degree; (Think Ca+ ECF to ICF is 10,000:1, so to get Ca+ to ICF, must USE ENERGY)
54
What is Nernst Potential?
The voltage that will prevent ions from diffusing down their concentration gradient
55
What happens to the TBW of a pt if they are obese?
less water because more fat
56
Is Na+ Voltage Gate fast or slow?
Fast! Open and close
57
Unit 1 Q25: Which of the following cell organelles is responsible for producing
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell?
Mitochondria
58
Pores
Controls what goes in/out nucleus; body is selective; located on nuclear envelope
59
Ex of (-) FB
Increased BSG = Increased Insulin Production = Decreased BSG
60
Where is Glut-4 located?
Skeletal muscle, liver, fat
61
Lysosomes
Digest material in cell via acidic environment; Digest and split proteins in AA, sending them back into cytoplasm to be used elsewhere
62
Lipooxygenase (LO)
Enzyme that Converts Arachidonic Acid to Leukotrienes
63
What is Vmax?
max speed for conformational change to occur
64
Peroxisome
Destroy materials in cell via oxidation; Liver has an increased concentration; breaks down ethanol
65
"What goes in..?"
"Must come out" - Refers to Homeostasis
66
Heart Cells and Neurons - Per lecture
slow regeneration time and have trouble replicating
67
Cholesterol Metabolites
Estradiol, Testosterone, Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androstenedione, Progesterone
68
If Hyperkalemic, do ions move faster or slower out of the cell?
Slower! The gradient is smaller, so the K+ does not speed out of the cell
69
Unit 1 Q2: Most cells, except for fat cells, are composed mainly of
Water
70
K+ ECF vs ICF
ECF - 4; ICF x 30 - 120; Na and K pump keeps inverse between sodium and potassium
71
Ca++ ECF vs ICF
ECF is 10,000x more than ICF; Ca is used as on/off switch, so stays outside the cell to be used frequently
72
Per pump cycle, the cell loses..?
+1 Charge and 1 electrolyte (Think, 3Na+ out and 2K+ in)
73
Which ion has the highest driving force in a RMP of -80 mV? Na+, K+, or Ca++
Ca++; ECF to ICF is 10,000:1 concentration gradient.
74
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth in appearance; creates lipids for the cell; stores Ca+
75
3 1st Degree Active Transport
Na/K ATPase pump, Ca++ pump, Proton Pump; ALL directly use ATP to get molecules across gradient
76
Fraction of ICF/L in 80 kg man?
32L
77
What is the Goldman Equation (GHK)?
Each ion gradient contributes only as the membrane is permeable to each ion; Ex: If cell is more permeable to K+, then K+ equation will dominate and show within the cell/charge of the cell
78
How many K molecules moved to ICF via pump?
2 K+ molecules
79
Ribosomes
Create the proteins for cell via code sent from nucleus; 95% on GER, 5% elsewhere
80
2 Secondary Active Transport Examples
Ca++/N+ Exchanger (NCX); Na/Glucose Pump (SGLT)
81
% of water of body weight in Kg for healthy 80kg man?
48L
82
Ca++ Pump
Active Transport, as directly burns ATP. 10,000:1 ECF:ICF concentration
83
2 gates of Na+ voltage gate: Name and function?
Activated (M) and Inactivation (H); M opens during activation, then H opens; M closes first, then H closes, sending cell back to inactive
84
What is equilibrium potential?
The charge inside the cell to prevent electrolytes from across the cell wall; causes a 0 net flux between ions; Ex: K+ Equilibrium potential is -90, Na+ +61
85
Homeostasis Examples
(1)Peripheral Circulatory Bed: Blood -> Arteriole->venule
(2)Active Cells = Increased metabolism -> increased perfusion -> increased venule flow
(3) 2 Hearts (L/R); Lungs (blood gas); GI (digest nutrients); Kidneys (generate buffers, pH lvl); Liver; Peripheral Vascular Bed
86
COX2 (Cyclooxygenase 2)
Enzyme; found more on sites of inflammation; greater achievement on pain if a COX2 selective drug (Naproxen); good for kidneys and helps heart in ischemic events; inhibited COX = decreased PG = Decreased pain
87
Enzyme in Peroxisome?
Catalase
88
Sugars in the Cell
"Glyco-"; energy, structural, or identify function; Located on proteins on cell wall; "sticky"; ID Tags: self vs non-self (immune system); binds to other sugars on wall to combine cells (Glycoprotein); has (-) charge, so can repel (-) charge molecules trying to attach
89
Fraction of Intracellular Fluid and how many L in 70kg man?
2/3 ICF, 28L
90
-Statin
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that reduces amount of endogenous cholesterol created (inhibits CoA, so cholesterol is not created)
91
Secondary Active Transport (2nd Degree)
Relies on another pump to create energy and used ATP; does not actively use ATP
92
Drug that Inhibits COX2?
Naproxen; increased pain relief
93
Nucleus Wall
Protecting DNA from outside of the nucleus; 2x phosphobilayer
94
Nernst of K+?
-61 x Log (120/4) = -90 mV
95
Where is more DNA located, besides Nucleus?
Mitochondrial DNA - inherit all from mother
96
The Speed of Facilitated Diffusion Depends on 2 things:
The concentration gradient and the number of transporter receptors
97
Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins are: Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic
98
Nernst of Ca++?
-61 x Log (1/10000) = +244 mV
99
Positive Feedback: Pathologic
BAD; Vicious Cycle
-->(1) Sepsis/Necrosis: dying cells release stored material inside (K,waste)
-->(2) Severe Acidosis: Decreased Resp. Drive = Increased Acidosis
(3) Periph. Acidotic Condition
(4) Artheroscleric Plaque Clot
-->(5) Diabetic Renal Inflammation: nephrons die = more work for remaining; 40-45+ yrs = nephrons die (CKD, ESRD)
-->(6) Severe Hemorrhage: Decreased MAP - Decreased Coronary Blood Flow - Decreased CO - Decreased MAP
100
Stress Hormones Created from Cholesterol?
Cortisol, Aldosterone (Adrenal Gland)
101
2 ECF Compartments?
Plasma (3L) and Interstitial Fluid(11L)
102
Characteristics of Cholesterol?
Lipid soluble, Flat, Rigid (increased stiffness within blood vessels)
103
Which has more fluid? Interstitial or Plasma in ECF?
Interstitial
104
Protein condensation and packaging occurs @ which location?
Golgi Apparatus (GA)
105
Na+ ECF vs ICF; Calculate Serum Osmo from Na+
ECF: 140; ICF: 1/10 of ECF - 14; Na+ x2 = Osmo; Na and K pump keeps inverse between sodium and potassium
106
Facilitated Diffusion
NO ENERGY REQUIRED (goes down concentration gradient); binds to compound->goes through conformational change-> released on other side of the cell (think catch and release); Ex: Glut-4 and Glut-1; speed of process is dependent on amount of transporters and concentration gradient
107
Ca++/Na+ Exchanger (NCX)
Main example of 2nd active transport; uses energy built up from concentration gradient from Na/K ATPase pump; SENDS 1 Ca++ ECF for 3 Na+ ICF; BULK removal of Ca++ from cell
108
Inside of the Cell Electric Charge?
Negative
109
True or False; positive feedback usually promotes stability in a system?
False; positive feedback amplifies a stimuli that deviates away from homeostasis
110
Cell Polarization
Difference of charge between inside and outside of cell
111
Why is there a cross reactivity between cholesterol and derivatives?
Due to the similar molecular shape; Ex: Cortisol has 1 extra OH group than Aldosterone (so, very similar)
112
Transport Vesicles
Transport proteins from ER -> GA after being created
113
What is diffusion rate dependent on?
Membrane (lipid) solubility
Size of particle
# of pores
Kinetic movement (heat)
Physical pressure/electrical charge
114
What is Osmolarity?
Quantity dissolved in 1L of solution
115
% water of body weight in Kg for healthy 70kg man?
60%, 42L
116
The NaK ATPase Pump puts the cell at what deficit?
Loss of 1 electrolyte and loss of +1 Charge (this makes the i/s of the cell negative)
117
Unit 1 Q13:Which statement is incorrect?
A) The term “homeostasis” describes the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the body
B) In most diseases, homeostatic mechanisms are no longer operating in the body
C) The body’s compensatory mechanisms often lead to deviations from the normal range in some of the body’s functions
D) Disease is generally considered to be a state of disrupted homeostasis
B; even in diseases, homeostasis is still trying to be achieved by the body
118
Repolarization in terms of voltage gates?
Na+ channel begins to close and K moves out of cell slowly
119
Why does the cell have a negative RMP?
Cell at resting state is more permeable to K+; K has a 10:1 intracellular ratio to Na+; Nernst of K+ is -90
120
If a patient's Plasma volume is 3L, how much does the patient weigh?
121
Decompensated Shock
(-) FB is insufficient; (+) FB leads to death/vicious cycle
122
Cholesterol @ 37C vs <37C
@ 37C - Decreased Fluidity (rigid)
<37C - Increased Fluidity (smooth- think ice cream)
123
Simple Diffusion
NO ENERGY REQUIRED (goes down concentration gradient); able to pass the cell membrane easily, maybe with the help of a protein; does not involve binding or conformational change/releasing; THINK GASSES and IONS(use help of carrier protein)
124
How does a Cholesterol Molecule look?
Carbon with single/double bonds and hydrogen - exposed structure sticks out to be grabbed by another cell for use
125
Water moves across the cell membrane via
aquaporin channels AND OR utilize ion channel to get thru
126
Which statement about mRNA is correct?
mRNA carries the genetic code in the cytoplasm
127
Is K+ Voltage Gate fast or slow?
Slow! Open and close
128
Soluble Compounds
Ions (electrolytes), Proteins (some), Carbs (glucose), Gasses (CO2), Buffers, Drugs (some)
129
Does hyperpolarizing a cell make it more negative or positive?
Cell is more (-)
130
What do all pumps/exchangers rely on?
Na+K+ ATPase Pump (if blocked, does not generate gradient)
131
Increased Cellular Osmolarity = ? Na+
Increased Na+
132
5 organelles discussed in class?
Peroxisome, lysosome, mitochondria, ER, GA
133
Nernst of Na+?
-61 x Log (14/140) = +61 mV
134
COX1/COX2
Enzyme that converts Arachidonic Acid to Prostaglandins
135
Secretory Vesicles
Transport proteins from GA --> cell wall after being modified and completed; bind @ cell wall to be disbursed outside to designated areas
136
Internal Environment = ?
ECF
137
How many nephrons in kidneys?
Around 1 million
138
Glut-4 Transport Exchanger
Facilitated diffusion; NO ENERGY required; 98% of glucose sent into cell via this exchanger; insulin dependent (more insulin = more Glut-4 receptors); if given a bunch of insulin, more Glut-4 receptors = hypoglycemia
139
Glut-1
Important for RBC, not insulin dependent
140
What does Driving Force Depend on?
Charge of Ions, Charge of inside cell, Size of concentration gradient
141
Positive Feedback
Less common; GOOD OR BAD; Physiologic or Pathologic; body AMPLIFIES change
142
"Redundancy" or "Degeneration" of the genetic code occurs during which step of protein synthesis?
Translation
143
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies sent proteins from the GER (post translation)
144
Depolarization in terms of voltage gates?
Na+ channel opens, causing action potential
145
Definition of Cells
Smallest living unit; specific for specific tasks; can USUALLY replicate (RBC cannot b/c no nucleus)
146
When to use "+" in Nernst Potential?
Use "+" when Anion; Cl-
147
What makes a cell harder to excite?
More negative charge; hyperpolarization
148
COX1 (Cyclooxygenase 1)
Enzyme; More widespread in body; Mediates TXA2 creation (Thrombane 2); if inhibited, increased risk for bleeding as TXA2 is inhibited as well (think Aspirin); inhibited COX = decreased PG = Decreased pain
149
Negative Feedback Examples
(1) Increased CO2, Increased Ventilation, Decreased CO2
(2) Decreased MAP, Increased Sympathetic/Decreased Parasympathetic Outflow, Increased MAP
(3) Decreased MAP, Increased AVP/ADH, Increased MAP
(4) Decreased MAP, Decreased ANP, Increased MAP
150
3 steps of facilitated diffusion
bind to receptor--> confirmation change to move across the cell membrane--> release from the receptor on other side; NO ENERGY REQUIRED
151
Positive Feedback: Physiologic
GOOD
(1) Oxytocin - released from brain; increased contractions/increased cervix dilation = birth. CHECKPOINT: Birth (contractions, uterus, cervix back to normal)
(2) Clotting Cascade/ PLT formation: Cut from arteriole/damage to endothelial cells = clotting/TXA-2 mediated vasospasm = stopped bleeding. CHECKPOINT:stopped bleeding (if no checkpoint, Increased clotting leads to MI,Stroke)
152
Decreased Cellular Osmolarity = ? Na+
Decreased Na+
153
Acetyl-CoA
Molecule used by body to produce ATP, Cholesterol; used as a substrate from metabolism; blocked by -statins to decrease amount of cholesterol endogenously made
154
Proton Pump
in stomach; send protons to ECF, making environment acidic
155
What Happens if the Na+K+ ATPase Pump stops working?
Cell Edema, as Na+ cannot leave the pump and H2O follows Na+; cell becomes swollen; cannot diurese b/c intracellular edema
156
Homeostasis: Waste
urea, H2O, H, solid waste, heat, CO2
157
Primary Cation of ECF?
Sodium (Na+)
158
Cytoplasm
Where chemical reaction takes place in cell; 70-85% Water, unless Adipose cell
159
What is Hyperpolarization?
When cell is going back to inactivated state, the K+ channel opens it's 1 gate to let K+ out of the cell. The K+ gate is so slow, it may allow too much K+ out, so in turn, you see a dip in the action potential graph below resting membrane potential (Vm)
160
Drug that Inhibits Leukotriene?
Singulair
161
Increased Osmolarity =? H2O
Decreased H2O
162
Purpose of Cilia
Move the environment around the cell; ex: waves mucus and fluid out of the airway
163
H2O follows what compound in and out of the cell?
Na+
164
Which is less volume: 1L of H2O or 1L of solution?
1L of solution: has solvents in it, so displaced some of the H2O
165
ICF Buffer?
phosphates
166
Phosphates HPO4/H2PO4 Role
ICF Buffer; Attach/Detach from protein; turns target on/off; energy storage system (ex: remove phosphate from ATP = release energy, add phosphate to ATP = use energy); I>O
167
Endoplasmic Reticulum
stores Ca+, creates protein/lipids. SEE GER/SER
168
If hypokalemic, do ions move fast or slower out of the cell?
Faster! The gradient is larger, so the K+ speeds out of the cell
169
Definition of Organs
Group of tissues
170
Unit 1 Q3: Organelles that neutralize drugs and toxins are
Peroxisomes
171
Depolarized
Less polar (more + charge); Na+ channel opens
172
Arachidonic Acid/HETE and ETE are: Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
173
Na/K ATPase Transport Pump
1st Degree Active Transport; baseline for all other pumps in body; sends 3 Na+ molecules to ECF and 2 K+ molecules to ICF (against concentration gradient); metabolizes ATP in pump actively for this to work/requires 1 ATP per exchange (ATP--> ADP)
174
Homeostasis
"internal environment = ECF"; cells need constant condition/energy (O2, fat, sugar); "What goes in, goes out"; Anesthetics take away sensors and response systems
175
Definition of Physiology
Function of living organisms and their parts
176
K+ vs Na+ RMP in cell ratio?
10:1; K is more permeable at cell resting state
177
Mitochondria
Create ATP for the cell
178
Units used for Quantity?
mOsm/ mEq
179
Purpose of Flagella?
Move the cell around the environment
180
Fraction of ECF/L in 100 kg man?
20L
181
Phosphatidylcholine (PCh)
Stores choline to later make acetylcholine
182
Phosphatidylinositol (PI)
Important for storage smooth muscle cells in wall; regulate contractions (IP3)
183
How does TXA2 work?
By vasospasm; constricts the effected vessel to stop bleeding
184
Calculate Osmotic Pressure with a Na+ of 145?
5597
185
Calculate Osmotic Pressure with NaCl 145 with Dissociation Constant of 0.94?
5216
186
In an Action Potential, is the cell more permeable to Na+ or K+?
Na+
187
If the NaK ATPase pump is inhibited, what happens to the action potential?
It prevents it from happening, as you have a disruption in the concentration gradient
188
What does ANP stand for?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
189
What is an Action Potential?
A rapid change in voltage across the cell membrane to allow cells to communicate with each other
190
How to get across cell membrane?
Have no charge, Be hydrophobic or Lipophilic
191
What does EDMD Flippase stand for?
Energy Deficient Mediated Dysfunctional Flippase; when there is no ATP to use flippase, so the Phosphotidylserine stays on the outside of the cell, initiated immune response
