Final Exam Lecture 2 Flashcards by Nic Stroud

Define Filtration
*Which side of the Capillary is this seen usually

Fluid leaving the capillary
*Arteriole Side

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define Reabsorption
*Which side of the capillary is this usually seen

Fluid Entering the Capillary
*The Venule side

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In terms of blood pressure, structures more upstream to our vascular resistance source, such as the Aorta, L Ventricle, and Large Arteries, have a higher or lower BP?

Higher BP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In terms of blood pressure, structures more downstream to our vascular resistance source, such as Veins, have a higher or lower BP?

Lower BP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What structures are measured in terms of vascular resistance?

Small Arteries and Arterioles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

As blood moves through an area of higher resistance, what happens to the blood pressure?

Blood Pressure is reduced/decreases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

As blood moves through an area of low resistance, what happens to blood pressure?

Blood Pressure is Increased

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: Blood Pressure and Resistance are inversely proportional

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Main reason the Blood Pressure drops when blood flows from the Large Arteries to the capillaries?
*What is the 2nd reason

D/t the Increased Vascular Resistance it encounters
*2nd - More systems of parallel, so more areas of blood to flow the further you get away from the heart

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What structures do pressors work on, per lecture?

Arterioles and Small Arteries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does Dr. Schmidt describe the kidney?

Big ball of blood vessels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What structure is the main source for where nutrient delivery and removing waste products occur?

Capillaries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What structure controls blood flow through the capillaries?
*How does it do this

Arterioles by smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

About how many layers thick are small arteries/arterioles?

4 layers thick smooth muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is nutrient delivery and waste removal dependent on?

Metabolic Rate of Tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is Blood Flow Velocity High or Low in the Aorta?
*Why

High Velocity
*only 1 Aorta, and 5 L/min has to flow through a 4.5cm sq. cross sectional area
*small radius, small diameter, between flow and chokepoint, small cross-section

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Aorta’s X-Sectional Area and how wide is the internal diameter?

4.5 cm Sq. and 2.5 cm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the 2 Venae Cavae
*What are they and what do they do
*Tell me their X-Sectional Area Total/ Each
*Tell me their internal diameter

Superior and Inferior
*Large Veins that bring blood back to the heart
*18 cm Sq. Total = 9 cm Sq. Each
*3 cm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Compared to the Aorta, is blood flow velocity higher or lower in the Venae Cavae?
*Why

Lower Blood Flow Velocity
*2 of them and increased X-Section area

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In general, the increased amount of X-sectional area does what to the blood velocity?

Decreased velocity, as more area for blood to flow through

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which Structure regulates SVR and Blood Flow thru the tissue beds?

Arterioles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: Arterioles have decreased wall thickness to internal diameter ratio

False
*Arterioles have an increased wall thickness to internal diameter ratio

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which has thicker walls: Capillaries or Arterioles?
*Why? What is each thickness

Arterioles are thicker
*Arterioles - 4 Layers thick
*Capillaries - 1 Endothelial Layer thick

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: Capillaries use smooth muscle to contract and relax?

False; Capillaries do not have smooth muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What makes Capillaries good candidates for Filtration and Reabsorption

Thinner walls, so less barrier

Per Lecture, fastest to slowest velocities out of these structures: Capillaries, Aorta, Veins

Aorta, Veins, Capillaries

What is the internal diameter and X-Section of the Aorta?

2.5 cm and 4.5 cm Sq.

What is the X-Section of the Capillaries

4500 cm Sq.

What is the X-Section of each Vena Cava? *Combined?

9 cm Sq. Each 18 cm Sq. total

What is the Arterial End of a Peripheral Capillary BP?

30 mmHg

What is the Venous End of a Peripheral Capillary BP?

10 mmHg

What does Delta P determine, per lecture? *Peripheral Capillary Delta P

Fluid moving thru the capillary *20 mmHg

Per Lecture, what is a normal Aortic BP

100 mmHg

What is the main reason that the BP in the Aorta drops when it reaches the Capillaries?

Increased Vascular Resistance

What would happen if your Delta P was 0 mmHg?

The fluid would not move *Delta P is what drives flow of fluid from arteriole to venous end

Between Filtration and Reabsorption, which does the arteriole end favor?

Filtration

Between Filtration and Reabsorption, which does the venous end favor?

Reabsorption

Per Lecture, name 3 proteins that affect the Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Proteoglycan Filaments, Hyaluronic Acid, Collagen

If the rest of the body is not functioning properly, how far can the Lymphatics up their rate?

20-40 fold

Per lecture, what do the Lymphatics have trouble scavenging? *What are they good at scavenging?

Have trouble scavenging proteins *Good at scavenging excess fluid in the interstitial space

What are the 4 Primary Capillary Starling Forces

1. Hydrostatic Capillary Pressure 2. Hydrostatic Interstital Fluid Pressure 3. Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure/Plasma Oncotic Pressure 4. Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure

What are 2 other names for Hydrostatic Capillary Pressure? *What is the abbreviation

Hydraulic Pressure or Physical Fluid Pressure *Pcap

What is Hydrostatic Capillary Pressure? *Give 2 Values

Blood Pressure in the Capillary *30 mmHg and 10 mmHg

What is Hydrostatic ISF Pressure? *Give a normal Value

Pressure outside the capillary, specifically in the ISF *Normal = -3mmHg

What happens if your Hydrostatic ISF Pressure is (+)?

It would oppose capillary filtration or promote reabsorption

If you have excess fluid in the interstitial area, what helps remove the fluid?

The Lymphatics

Per Lecture, what is Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure? *Another name for it *Normal Value *Abbreviation

The osmotic effects of dissolved proteins inside of the capillary *Plasma Oncotic Pressure *28 mmHg *𝛑CAP

Name 2 pathological ways Plasma Oncotic Pressure can be decreased?

Hemorrhage and Liver Failure

What is the MAIN reason Plasma Oncotic Pressure would be decreased with "holes" in the Capillaries? *2nd Reason *Give Pathologic Example

1. Cells more permeable to proteins leaving 2. Colloids can escape out of the "holes" *Sepsis

What is Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure *Normal Value *Abbreviation

The osmotic effects of dissolved proteins outside of the capillary *8 mmHg *𝛑ISF

Name 3 Ways 𝛑ISF can be increased? *What value would indicate this *What would you see in the Pt

Damage, Trauma, Infection *>8mmHg *Edema

How does the body get rid of extra proteins and fluids in the ISF?

Lymphatic system can rid excess fluid but not much excess proteins

What do Lymphatics rely on to increase rate of action? *How to increase if in hospital, per lecture

Muscle movement *SCDs

How to slow Lymphatic Rate of Action?

Being immobile, as lymphatics rely on muscle movement to increase rate of action

What is the Capillary Permeability Coefficient? *Is this primary or secondary *Abbreviation

More fluid based permeability, rather than protein permeability; also talks about Surface Area *Secondary *Kf

In general, if we have increased Surface Area, how is movement in terms of Capillary Permeability Coefficient

More movement

What type of membrane does Osmotic Pressure Rely on?

Semi-Permeable Membrane

In general, if we have decreased Surface Area, how is movement in terms of Capillary Permeability Coefficient

Less movement

What 3 Proteins Make up the Bulk of Capillary Oncotic Pressure *In order w/ total pressure of Oncotic Pressure

Albumin Immunoglobulins Fibrinogen *28 mmHg

What is the average overall Capillary Blood Pressure *Why is it not 20 mmHg?

17.3 mmHg *Capillaries get larger towards the end, so the pressure drops a little bit

What is the Net Filtration Pressure throughout the entire capillary?

0.3 mmHg

In the Lymphatic System, where does the excess fluid collect?

Lymph Nodes

Name 2 1-Way Valve Systems

Veins and Lymphatics

Where does Lymphatic fluid get returned to the CV system?

At the top of the thorax via lymphatic ducts

In general, name 3 things Capillaries are easily permeable to, per lecture

H2O, NaCl

What specific capillary system does NaCl have trouble getting through?

BBB

In general, the larger the MW, the _ permeable in the capillaries?

Less

Name 2 Larger molecules that are less permeable than NaCl *Why

Glucose and Albumin *Much Larger

What does Glucose rely on to get through the BBB?

Glucose Transporters

In the Arterial End of the Capillary, what forces favor Filtration? *Include Numbers

Hydrostatic Pressure - 30 mmHg Hydrostatic Pressure in ISF - 3 mmHg Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure - 8 mmHg

In the Arterial End of the Capillary, what force opposes Filtration? *Include Numbers

Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure/ Plasma Oncotic Pressure - 28 mmHg

In the Venous End of the Capillary, what forces favor Filtration? *Include Numbers

Hydrostatic Pressure - 10 mmHg Hydrostatic Pressure in ISF - 3 mmHg Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure - 8 mmHg

In the Venous End of the Capillary, what force opposes Filtration? *Include Numbers

Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure/ Plasma Oncotic Pressure - 28 mmHg

What is the Net Filtration Pressure of the Arterial Side of the Capillary

13 mmHg

What is the Net Filtration Pressure of the Venous Side of the Capillary

-7mmHg

Since the Arterial End favors more Filtration than the Venous side Favors Reabsorption, what happens to the excess fluid removed to avoid edema?

Scavenged by the Lymphatic System

What is the normal MAP of the Renal Artery

100 mmHg

What is the normal Pressure of the Renal Vein

0 mmHg

What happens to blood pressure as it goes thru the organ? *Why

Decreases as it meets more vascular resistance

Where is the Afferent Arteriole Located? *What do they determine, per lecture

Right in front of the Glomerular Capillaries *Determine Pressure going into the glomerular capillaries, which determines filtration rate

What is the reasoning for drop in BP from the Renal Artery to the Glomerular Capillaries?

The afferent arterioles have high vascular resistance

What does the BP drop from going from the Renal Artery to the Glomerular Capillaries?

100 mmHg to 60 mmHg

What is a normal BP in the Glomerular Capillaries? *What does this allow for?

60 mmHg *Since 2x as high as a normal capillary, allows for higher filtration rate/more filtration

What is the 1st set of capillaries in the Kidney?

Glomerular Capillaries

Per lecture, what is a normal GFR?

125 mL/min

What is GFR?

The rate at which all glomerular capillaries are filtrating

Name 2 things in the kidney that are not normally filtrated due to larger size, per lecture

RBC and Proteins