Exam 1 Flashcards
study (112 cards)
1
Q
Identify the efferent pathway in this homeostatic reflex:
Eating a salt-rich meal increases blood volume and pressure, stretching blood vessel walls. Nerve signals sent to the brainstem stimulate changes in hormonal and neural signaling. The heart rate is slowed, blood vessel walls are relaxed, and the kidneys increase urinary salt. The blood pressure returns toward normal.
A
Hormone and neuron signals
2
Q
The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to the partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?
A
Hydrogen Bond
3
Q
Which organs would you expect to find in the right lumbar region?
A
Right Kidney
4
Q
Which organs would you expect to find in the left lumbar region?
A
Left Kidney
5
Q
Identify the effectors in this homeostatic reflex:
Eating a salt-rich meal increases blood volume and pressure, stretching blood vessel walls. Nerve signals sent to the brainstem stimulate changes in hormonal and neural signaling. The heart rate is slowed, blood vessel walls are relaxed, and the kidneys increase urinary salt. The blood pressure returns toward normal.
A
Heart, blood vessels, and kidneys
6
Q
Which reaction is the part of metabolism that requires energy for synthesizing (making) body structures?
A
Anabolism
7
Q
Which organ would you expect to find in the umbilical region?
A
Small Intestines
8
Q
A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with…
A
polar covalent bonds
9
Q
Which organ would you expect to find in the left hypochondrial region?
A
Stomach
10
Q
Which organ would you expect to find in the right hypochondrial region?
A
Liver
11
Q
What is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution
A
Sodium ions and Chloride ions
12
Q
The bond between hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule is an example of what type of bond?
A
Polar covalent bond
13
Q
Which body regions corresponds to the term auris?
A
Ear
14
Q
The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of….
A
protons
15
Q
Which body regions corresponds to the term oris?
A
Mouth
16
Q
The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism:
A
Metabolism
17
Q
The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction.
A
synthesis
18
Q
The processes through which humans obtain and use energy from food:
A
Metabolism
19
Q
A covalent bond is likely to be polar when…
A
one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other atom
20
Q
Electrons in an ionic bond…
A
are transferred resulting in atoms with an electrical charge
21
Q
Which concept is the defining feature of the discipline of physiology?
A
Homeostasis
22
Q
Stimulation of the control center responsible for cooling off the body would cause what to happen?
A
sweat glads increase their output
23
Q
Describing a physiological variable as “homeostatic” means that it is?
A
in a state of dynamic constancy that is regulated to remain near a stable set point value.
24
Q
Which of the following elements is most likely to form an ionic bond?
A
Sodium
25
What is the receptor/sensor in this scenario?
A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the pH of the blood is more acidic than normal. As the blood and interstitial fluid becomes more acidic, chemoreceptors sensitive to hydrogen cation concentration in the medulla oblongata relay this information to the respiratory centers within the medulla oblongata. These respiratory centers then coordinate the activity of inspiratory and expiratory muscles to change the respiratory rate and depth, resulting in an increase in tidal volume. As the volume of air moved increases, the body is able to off-gas more carbon dioxide and decrease the pH of the blood.
Chemoreceptors
26
What level of hierarchical structure does H20 belong?
Molecular
27
True or False: The activity of body systems are usually controlled by multiple regulatory steps.
True
28
Negatively charged component that orbits the nucleus
Electron
29
Two or more atoms joined together by an energy relationship
Molecule
30
Neutrally charged component of the nucleus
Neutron
31
Positively charged component of the nucleus
Proton
32
Any atom or molecule that has a charge
Ion
33
The smallest unit of an element that can participate in chemical reactions
Atom
34
An atom or molecule with a positive charge
Cation
35
An atom or molecule with a negative charge
Anion
36
Which of the following describes the pattern in the scenario?
A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the pH of the blood is more acidic than normal. As the blood and interstitial fluid becomes more acidic, chemoreceptors sensitive to hydrogen cation concentration in the medulla oblongata relay this information to the respiratory centers within the medulla oblongata. These respiratory centers then coordinate the activity of inspiratory and expiratory muscles to change the respiratory rate and depth, resulting in an increase in tidal volume. As the volume of air moved increases, the body is able to off-gas more carbon dioxide and decrease the pH of the blood.
Negative Feedback Loop
37
When outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill their respective orbitals, it creates a(an)
Covenant bond
38
Which organ systems has a major function of enclosing internal body structures
Integumentary
39
the process through which humans maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment
Homeostasis
40
The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an
Atom
41
Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate-chip batter is an example of a
Suspension
42
Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include:
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
43
Which organ systems has a major function of supporting the body and enabling movement?
Skeletal
44
The smallest independently functioning biological unit of an organism is a(n)
Cell
45
What variable is being monitored in this scenario?
A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the pH of the blood is more acidic than normal. As the blood and interstitial fluid becomes more acidic, chemoreceptors sensitive to hydrogen cation concentration in the medulla oblongata relay this information to the respiratory centers within the medulla oblongata. These respiratory centers then coordinate the activity of inspiratory and expiratory muscles to change the respiratory rate and depth, resulting in an increase in tidal volume. As the volume of air moved increases, the body is able to off-gas more carbon dioxide and decrease the pH of the blood.
pH (hydrogen cation concentration)
46
What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?"
the body standing upright; feet at shoulder width and parallel; toes forward. The arms are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward
47
The primary control center for many homeostatic mechanisms in the human body is the
Brain
48
CH4 is methane. This compound is...
Organic
49
What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between charged atoms.
50
Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of...
oxygen
51
Which organ systems has a major function of detecting and processing sensory information?
Nervous
52
An ___________ is the structure responsible for carrying out the directions of the control center.
Effector
53
Anatomy is the study of...
Structure
54
What is the general purpose of positive feedback mechanisms?
To bring about rapid change in the body
55
Which organ systems has a major function of enabling movement and maintaining body temperature?
Muscular
56
A force of attraction between cations and anions due to opposite charges creates which bond?
Ionic
57
What is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?
childbirth/labor and blot clots
58
What term is used to describe the steady-state value for any variable that the body attempts to maintain?
Set point
59
A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________.
Organ
60
Physiology is the study of...
function
61
The lumbar region is ________.
superior to the popliteal region
62
Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?
Regional Anatomy
63
What is the purpose of positive feedback?
amplify initial stimulus
64
The sharing of electrons between atoms results in the formation of which bond
Covalent
65
Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________.
saliva contains enzymes
66
When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes....
an ion
67
What is the purpose of negative feedback?
To maintain a stable internal environment
68
After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food). They relay this information to ________.
the Control Center
69
What are the functions of life?
organization, responsiveness, metabolism, development, movement, growth, and reproduction
70
A ___________ is the structure responsible for taking information about a variable and comparing it to the set point & normal range.
Control Center
71
Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction?
Hydrogen and Hydrogen
72
Homeostasis:
the maintenance of internal body conditions within a narrow range
73
Which of the following is the part of metabolism that releases energy by breaking down bigger molecules such as food?
Catabolism
74
Normal range:
The acceptable range of values (numbers) in which homeostasis can be maintained
75
What is the control center?
A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the pH of the blood is more acidic than normal. As the blood and interstitial fluid becomes more acidic, chemoreceptors sensitive to hydrogen cation concentration in the medulla oblongata relay this information to the respiratory centers within the medulla oblongata. These respiratory centers then coordinate the activity of inspiratory and expiratory muscles to change the respiratory rate and depth, resulting in an increase in tidal volume. As the volume of air moved increases, the body is able to off-gas more carbon dioxide and decrease the pH of the blood.
Respiratory centers
76
Which of the following situations best represents a homeostatic mechanism?
After eating a large batch of salty popcorn, levels of salt in the urine increase
77
Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule depicted here is most likely ________.
(photo)
positively charged
78
Which organ systems has a major function of secreting hormones?
Endocrine
79
To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________.
Midsagittal Plane
80
A ___________ is the structure that provides information about a physiological variable.
Sensor
81
A ___________ is the term for an event that causes a change in a physiological variable.
Stimulus
82
What level of structural hierarchy would you expect to include the heart, blood vessels, and blood?
Organ System Level
83
What is true about electrons in a polar covalent bond?
Electrons are shared in a mutually stabilizing arrangement resulting in a molecule where there ARE partial positive or negative regions
84
Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________.
Differentiation/ Specialization
85
If a person begins to sweat upon entering a hot room but continued sweating is able to keep the body temperature stable, which of these best describes her condition?
She is in a steady state.
86
Identify the variable in this homeostatic reflex:
Eating a salt-rich meal increases blood volume and pressure, stretching blood vessel walls. Nerve signals sent to the brainstem stimulate changes in hormonal and neural signaling. The heart rate is slowed, blood vessel walls are relaxed, and the kidneys increase urinary salt. The blood pressure returns toward normal.
Blood pressure and volume
87
Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true?
covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds
88
Which of the following statements about nutrients is true?
All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.
89
Which body regions corresponds to the term oculus?
Eye
90
Why is each element unique with respect to its chemical properties? Each element has a distinctive ________.
number of protons
91
In a ________________ bond, Electrons are shared in a mutually stabilizing arrangement resulting in a molecule where there is no weak regional charge (no partial positive or negative regions)
Nonpolar covalent
92
The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________.
Potential energy
93
A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________.
Exercise Physiologist
94
If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases, what would a negative feedback control mechanism be expected to do?
Increase the amount of sodium in the blood
95
A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl– in solution. The substance is a(n) ________.
Salt
96
Identify the receptor/sensors in this homeostatic reflex:
Eating a salt-rich meal increases blood volume and pressure, stretching blood vessel walls. Nerve signals sent to the brainstem stimulate changes in hormonal and neural signaling. The heart rate is slowed, blood vessel walls are relaxed, and the kidneys increase urinary salt. The blood pressure returns toward normal.
Blood vessel walls
97
The heart is within the ________.
pericardial cavity
98
Why is atmospheric pressure important to human survival
Allows humans to breathe & keeps gasses dissolved in the blood
99
Which of the following gases is required for humans to produce enough ATP to support cellular functions?
Oxygen
100
Identify the control center in this homeostatic reflex:
Eating a salt-rich meal increases blood volume and pressure, stretching blood vessel walls. Nerve signals sent to the brainstem stimulate changes in hormonal and neural signaling. The heart rate is slowed, blood vessel walls are relaxed, and the kidneys increase urinary salt. The blood pressure returns toward normal.
Brainstem
101
Sodium chloride exists as a white crystal that dissolves in water to produce Na+ and Cl-. What type of bond exists between these two atoms?
Ionic bond
102
Nitrogen (N) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following is a correct statement about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)?
the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge; Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge
| polar covalant bond
103
What do you expect to occur when the pH of blood and interstitial fluid return to normal values?
A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the pH of the blood is more acidic than normal. As the blood and interstitial fluid becomes more acidic, chemoreceptors sensitive to hydrogen cation concentration in the medulla oblongata relay this information to the respiratory centers within the medulla oblongata. These respiratory centers then coordinate the activity of inspiratory and expiratory muscles to change the respiratory rate and depth, resulting in an increase in tidal volume. As the volume of air moved increases, the body is able to off-gas more carbon dioxide and decrease the pH of the blood.
The respiratory rate and depth return to resting/normal values
104
C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________.
breaking down stored energy
105
Which body regions corresponds to the term mentis?
Mandible
106
True or False: Body temperature has no effect on the rate (speed) of chemical reactions within the body?
False
107
True or False: The activity of body systems must be coordinated for homeostasis
True
108
What is the effectors in the above scenario?
A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the pH of the blood is more acidic than normal. As the blood and interstitial fluid becomes more acidic, chemoreceptors sensitive to hydrogen cation concentration in the medulla oblongata relay this information to the respiratory centers within the medulla oblongata. These respiratory centers then coordinate the activity of inspiratory and expiratory muscles to change the respiratory rate and depth, resulting in an increase in tidal volume. As the volume of air moved increases, the body is able to off-gas more carbon dioxide and decrease the pH of the blood.
Inspiratory and expiratory muscles
109
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________.
stores energy for use by body cells
110
A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________.
Salt
111
True or False: Enzymes are temperature sensitive proteins within the body that participate in chemical reactions
True
112
What is the stimulus in the scenario?
A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the pH of the blood is more acidic than normal. As the blood and interstitial fluid becomes more acidic, chemoreceptors sensitive to hydrogen cation concentration in the medulla oblongata relay this information to the respiratory centers within the medulla oblongata. These respiratory centers then coordinate the activity of inspiratory and expiratory muscles to change the respiratory rate and depth, resulting in an increase in tidal volume. As the volume of air moved increases, the body is able to off-gas more carbon dioxide and decrease the pH of the blood.
Metabolic acidosis
