New Material Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?
A
- It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx.
- It manufactures three hormones.
- The parathyroid glands are embedded within it.
ALL OF THE ABOVE
2
Q
True or False: Lipid soluble hormones can freely cross the plasma membrane.
A
True
3
Q
True or False: Spinal nerve plexuses are formed by fusions from the dorsal and ventral rami
A
FALSE
4
Q
The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?
A
kidneys
5
Q
Which of the following is not a target of a sympathetic preganglionic fiber?
A
intermural ganglion
6
Q
Which of the following is an incorrect pairing?
A
acetylcholine decreases digestion
(This statement is not correct)
7
Q
The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of ________.
A
nerve axons
8
Q
Which of the following is the organ for olfaction?
A
Nose
9
Q
Which of the following produces the metabolic hormones of the thyroid gland?
A
Follicular cells
10
Q
If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?
A
glucagon
11
Q
Cushing’s disease is a disorder caused by ________.
A
abnormally HIGH levels of CORTISOL
12
Q
Which of these physiological changes would not be considered part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response?
A
increased stomach motility
13
Q
Which of the following is the best description of a nerve?
A
Bundles of axons within the peripheral nervous system
14
Q
Which of the following is the term for the connective tissue sheath around individual axons?
A
Endoneurium
15
Q
What structure allows the hypothalamus to connect to the posterior pituitary
A
Infundibulum
16
Q
Which of the following statements about insulin is true?
A
Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.
17
Q
The gonads produce what class of hormones?
A
steroid hormones
18
Q
True or False: Water soluble hormones can freely cross the plasma membrane.
A
FALSE
19
Q
What type of receptor cell is involved in the sensations of sound and balance?
A
mechanoreceptors
20
Q
Which of these locations in the forebrain is the master control center for homeostasis through the autonomic and endocrine systems?
A
hypothalamus
21
Q
Which of the following is a direct target of the vestibular ganglion?
A
cerebellum
22
Q
A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP?
A
Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated
23
Q
Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance?
A
antidiuretic hormone
24
Q
Which of the following is the organ for gustation?
A
taste bud
25
Which of the following produces the calcium regulating hormone of the thyroid gland?
Parafollicular cells
26
Which of the following describes a self-amplifying cycle?
Positive feedback
27
Which of the following is true for the endocrine systems?
Chemical signals travel within the bodily fluids (blood, lymph)
28
Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________.
paracrine
29
A drug that affects both divisions of the autonomic system is going to bind to, or block, which type of neurotransmitter receptor?
nicotinic
30
Which of the following hormones is produced by the hypothalamus?
Oxytocin
31
Which is the best description of the blood brain barrier?
An anatomical and physiological barrier that limits the exposure of CNS structures to the blood.
32
Which of the following is the organ for vision?
Eye
33
Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________.
active transport
34
Which of the following is the antagonist of calcitonin?
PTH
(parathyroid hormone)
35
True or False: Cones are responsible for color vision
True
36
True or False: Cones are responsible for dark/light vision
FALSE
37
You are drinking hot chocolate on a cold morning. Which of the following cranial nerves will relay the taste of the chocolate to the thalamus?
Facial
38
Which of the following nerves would relay information about chemoreception?
V (5)
IX (9)
X (10)
39
What is the term for a reflex that does not include a CNS component?
somatic reflex
40
Which of the following describes opposing/paired feedback loops which attempt balance a physiological variable?
Antagonistic control
41
True or False: Water soluble hormones must bind to a receptor on the cell surface to have an effect.
True
42
True or False: Sex hormones are stored within secretory vesicles
FALSE
43
Endocrine glands ________
Secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream
44
Which signaling molecule is most likely responsible for an increase in digestive activity?
acetylcholine
45
Which of the following is the term for the connective tissue sheath around the entire nerve?
Epineurium
46
A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of ________.
thyroid hormone
47
Which term best fits the following description:
Secretions of one endocrine gland stimulate or inhibit secretions of another endocrine gland which also stimulates or inhibits secretions from a third endocrine gland.
Hormone axis
48
Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from taste?
Chemoreceptor
49
Which of the following responses is not part of the fight-or-flight response?
reduced mental activity
50
What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?
chromaffin cells
51
True or False: The dura mater surrounds the structures of the central nervous system and is anchored to bone throughout.
FALSE
52
Which of the following is the organ for audition?
Cochlea
53
True or False: Lipid soluble hormones bind to a receptor within the the cell to have an effect.
True
54
Which of the following describes the increasing effect hormones might have when they bind in combination on a target cell?
Synergists
55
Which of the following is true regarding the somatic motor division?
Synapses with only skeletal muscle
56
Which of the following describes the stimulation of hormone secretion by hormones released from other organs?
Hormonal
57
From which of the following landmarks do spinal nerves travel within?
Intervertebral foramen
58
The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer?
oral ectoderm
59
The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?
insulin
60
When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.
the activity of osteoCLASTS
61
Which of the following ions is required to make thyroid metabolic hormones?
Iodine
62
Which of the following senses does not synapse with the thalamus?
Olfaction (smell)
63
The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________.
TSH from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY
64
Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism?
fractures
65
Which of the following describes a cycle which attempts to reverse a change in a variable to restore homeostasis?
Negative feedback
66
What central fiber tract connects forebrain and brain stem structures with the hypothalamus?
medial forebrain bundle
67
Which of the following is a function of the medulla oblongata?
Regulate autonomic function
68
Which type of fiber could be considered the longest?
PREganglionic PARAsympathetic
69
Which submodality of taste is sensitive to the pH of saliva?
Sour
70
True or False: The preganglionic neuron begins in the central nervous system for all autonomic functions
True
71
Which of the following is an example of humoral stimulation?
Secretion of PTH in response to low blood calcium
72
Which of the following describes the requirement that one hormone must be bound to a receptor on the cell for a second hormone to have an effect on the target cell?
Permissives
73
Where in the body would you expect to find Neurosecretory/Neuroendocrine cells?
Hypothalamus
74
Which of the following structures serves as the primary regulator of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
75
Which of the following is true for both the nervous and endocrine systems?
Target cells must have a receptor for the specific chemical signal for the chemical signal to have an effect
76
Select all of the characteristics you would expect to see in cells of the adenohypophysis.
No duct present
Secretion of products into the interstial space
Secretions carried within the bodily fluids (blood, lymph)
Secretion through exocytosis
77
How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?
0
78
The end result of the RAAS is to ________.
increase blood pressure
79
What gland produces a secretion that causes fight-or-flight responses in effectors?
adrenal medulla
80
Which of the following chemical signals is produced by a cell and results in the regulation of that same cell
Autocrine
81
Complete the sentence:
_____________ is produced by the ______________ cells of the ________________ and _______________ blood glucose
INSULIN ; BETA ; pancreas ; DECREASES
82
Complete the sentence:
_____________ is produced by the ______________ cells of the ________________ and _______________ blood glucose
GLUCAGON ; ALPHA ; pancreas ; INCREASES
83
Which of the following is an example of hormonal stimulation?
Secretion of ACTH in response to CRH from the hypothalamus
84
Which of the following structures serves as the primary regulator of the autonomic system?
Hypothalamus
85
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the autonomic division?
Synapses with all muscle types and glands (this statement is not true)
86
True or False: The anterior pituitary is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus released into the hypophyseal portal system
True
87
A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?
neural
88
Which region of the adrenal gland produces hormones responsible for regulating glucose metabolism in response to long-term stress
Zona fasciculata
89
Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?
TSH
90
Which of the following are targets of PTH
- Kidney tubules
- Bones
- Intestines
91
Which of the following is the organ for equilibrium?
Vestibule
92
Which of the following is the antagonist of glucagon?
Insulin
93
Which kind of drug would have anti-anxiety effects?
α-blocker
94
Select all that apply:
The mesencephalon gives rise to which structures:
- Corpora quadrigemina
- Cerebral peduncle
95
Select all that apply:
The prosencephalon gives rise to which structures
- Occipital lobe
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
96
True or False: The posterior pituitary produces and secretes Oxytocin and ADH
FALSE
97
Which region of the adrenal gland produces hormones responsible for producing androgens
Zona reticularis
98
The development of a goiter indicates that _______
there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles
99
You are drinking hot chocolate on a cold morning. Which of the following receptors will detect the sweetness of the beverage?
Chemoreceptors
100
True or False: Rods are responsible for light/dark vision
True
101
Select all that apply:
The rhombencephalon gives rise to which structures
- Cerebellum
- Pons
- Medulla oblongata
102
Which of the following is an example of neural stimulation?
Secretion of NE in response to sympathetic activation
103
What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?
chromaffin cells
104
Which of the following structures would you expect to house neurons that control the rate and depth of breathing?
Pons
105
True or False: Water-soluble hormones are stored within secretory vesicles
True
106
In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes ________.
decreased basal metabolic rate
107
Which of the following describes the stimulation of hormone secretion by changes in body fluid composition, such as ion concentration?
Humoral
108
Which of the following structures serves as a relay center for the majority of sensory information?
THALAMUS
109
Which of the following produces the calcium regulating hormone of the parathyroid gland?
Chief cells
110
Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from seeing color?
Photoreceptor
111
Which region of the adrenal gland produces hormones responsible for regulating mineral balance (such as sodium)
Zona glomerulosa
112
Axons from which neuron in the retina make up the optic nerve?
retinal ganglion cells
113
Which of the following describes the stimulation of hormone secretion by action potentials from the autonomic nervous system?
Neural
114
Which of the following is the best description of a ganglia?
Collections of neuronal bodies within the peripheral nervous system
115
What neurotransmitter will result in constriction of the pupil?
acetylcholine
116
