exam 1 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
phylogeny
A
the evolutionary history of a species or group of species
2
Q
systematics
A
the study of classification used to construct phylogenies
3
Q
taxonomy
A
the science of naming and classifying organisms
4
Q
binomial nomenclature
A
every organism has a unique Latin genus and species name
5
Q
specific epithet
A
the species name that differentiates organisms in the same genus
6
Q
hierarchical classification
A
Domain>Kingdom>Phylum>Class>Order>Family>Genus>Species
7
Q
taxon
A
any level within hierarchical classification
8
Q
linking classification and phylogeny
A
systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching phylogenetic trees
9
Q
phylogenic tree
A
a branching diagram that represents evolutionary relationships between species
10
Q
branch points
A
represents the divergence of two species
11
Q
sister taxa
A
groups that share an immediate common ancestor
12
Q
root
A
includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree
13
Q
polytomy
A
a branch from which more than two groups emerge
14
Q
what we can/can’t learn from phylogenetic trees
A
-patterns of descent
-do not indicate when species evolved or how much genetic change has occurred
-shouldnt be assumed that a taxon evolved from the one next to it
15
Q
morphological and molecular homologies
A
organisms with similar morphologies (DNA sequences) are likely to be more closely related
16
Q
homology
A
similarity due to shared ancestry
17
Q
analogy
A
similarity due to convergent evolution
18
Q
cladistics
A
groupings of organisms by common descent
19
Q
clades
A
a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
20
Q
monophyletic
A
a clade containing an ancestor species and all its descendants
21
Q
paraphyletic
A
contains ancestor, but not all of its descendants
22
Q
polyphyletic
A
a group of species with no common ancestor
23
Q
from two kingdoms to 3 domains
A
used to classify all organisms as plants or animals, now there are 3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
24
Q
sizes and shapes of common bacteria
A
spherical-cocci
rod-shaped-bacilli
spiral
25
cell surface structures
cell walls used for protection and prevention of bursting in hypotonic environment
26
peptidoglycan
a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides in bacterial cell walls
27
Gram stain
procedure of detecting bacteria species based on cell wall
28
Gram-positive
darker stain, cocci (spherical)- simple walls with thick layer of peptidoglycan
29
Gram-negative
lighter stained rods- more structurally complex
30
capsule
a dense and well defined layer outside prokaryote cells that is a sticky layer of protein
31
fimbriae
hairlike appendages that prokaryotes use to stick to substrate or each other
32
pili
longer and less numerous fimbriae used to pull two cells together to transfer DNA
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motility
means of transportation of a cell
34
bacterial flagellum
helical filamentous organelle used for motility
35
taxis
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internal and genomic organization
prokaryotic cells usually lack complex compartmentalization
prok. genome has less DNA than euk. genome
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prokaryotic genome
circular chromosome
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nucleoid
irregular shaped region in prok. cell where most genetic material is stored
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plasmid
smaller rings of DNA found in some bacteria species
40
prok. reproduction and adaptation
quick reproduction by binary fission and can divide every 1-3 hours
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endospores
highly retractive thick walled structures formed in bacteria that can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries
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rapid reproduction and mutation
mutation rates are low, yet since reproduction is rapid, mutations can accumulate quickly in a population
43
prok. genetic diversity factors
-rapid reproduction
-mutation
-genetic recombination
44
genetic recombination
through transformation, transduction, and conjugation
45
transformation
prok. cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from surrounding environment
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transduction
the movement of genes between bacteria and bacteriophages ( viruses that infect bacteria)
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conjugation
where genetic material is transferred between bacteria cells
48
nutritional and metabolic types of bacteria
photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotroph, chemoheterotroph
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role of bacteria in chemical cycling
major role in recycling between living and nonliving components of ecosystem
-chemoheterotrophic prok. function as decomposers
-nitrogen fixation
50
nitrogen fixation
some prok. can convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)
51
metabolic cooperation
the exchange of molecules among cells through permeable junctions formed at sites of cell contact
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obligate anaerobes
poisoned by oxygen and use fermentation or anaerobic resp
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obligate aerobes
require oxygen for cellular resp
54
facultative anaerobes
can survive with or without oxygen
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biofilm
surface-coating colonies where metabolic cooperation occurs
56
roles of prokaryotes on biosphere
vital role- produce genetic diversity, fix most of our components of the atmosphere, play part in vital cycle
57
chemical recycling
breaking down corpses, dead vegetation, and waste products
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decomposer
break down dead organisms and create new usable compounds
59
symbiosis
a close, long term relationship between organisms
60
mutualism
both organisms benefit from relationship
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commensalism
one benefits, other is unaffected
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parasite
one benefits, another is harmed
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pathogen
a microorganism that causes disease
64
harmful and beneficial effects of bacteria on humans
some bacteria is beneficial, others are pathogens
65
exotoxin
cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produced it are not present
66
endotoxin
are released only when bacteria die and cell wall breaks down
67
protist
informal name of the kingdom of mostly unicellular eukaryotes
68
unicellularity
most protists are unicellular, yet some are colonial and multicellular
69
structural and functional diversity of protists
protists have more structure and functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes due to their biological functions being carried out by individual organelles
70
mixotroph
combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
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endosymbiosis in eukaryotic evolution
theory that organelles originated by one organism living inside another, eventually losing its walls and evolving to become one organism
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secondary endosymbiosis
the evolution of one cell who has already underwent primary symbiosis enters another cell to evolve further
73
5 supergroups of eukaryotes
Excavata, SAR, archaeplastida, unikonta
74
SAR clade
controversial: SAR is believed to be monophyletic and originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event with red alga
-stramenopiles, Alveolates, rhizarians
75
Excavata
characterized by cytoskeleton and may have feeding groove
-includes diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans
76
Stramenopiles
most have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth" flagellum
77
chromAlveolata
developed as a result of secondary endosymbiosis event. contain alveoli structure
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Rhizaria
threadlike and needlelike pseudopodia
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Archaeplastida
red algae, green algae, and land plants
80
Unikonta
animals, fungi, and some protists, broken into two groups: amoebozoans, and opisthokonts (animals fungi etc.)
81
euglenozoans
within Excavata: a spiral or crystalline rod of unknown inside their flagella.
-kinetoplastids and euglenids
82
kinetoplastids
within eugelenozoa: have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast
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trypanosome
a kinetoplastid that causes sleeping sickness in humans
84
euglenids
within euglenozoan: have 1 or 2 flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell
85
Alveolates
membrane bound sacs (alveolata) just under plasma membrane with unknown function
-includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates
86
dinoflagellates
within Alveolates: diverse aquatic plankton. 2 flagella make them spin in the water, cause of toxic red tides
87
apicomplexans
within Alveolates: parasites of animals and disease causing. contain non-photosynthetic plastid called the apicoplast. specialized apex for penetrating a host
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plasmodium life cycle
a species of apicomplexan, causes malaria, requires both humans and mosquitos to complete life cycle
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malaria
deadly disease with ongoing vaccine efforts to target this pathogen
90
apicoplast
non-photosynthetic plastid in apicomplexans
91
ciliates
within Alveolates: possess both large micronuclei and small micronuclei (used in conjugation-a sexual process that produces genetic variation)
92
diatoms
in stramenopile: unicellular algae with unique two-part glass like wall of hydrated silica.
93
golden algae
in stramenopile: yellow and brown carotenoids give golden color, cells are biflagellate with both on one end, unicellular but also colonial
94
brown algae
in stramenopile: largest and most complex algae, multicellular, includes many "seaweed" species
95
thallus
full body of the algal seaweed
96
holdfast
anchors into substrate
97
stipe
stem of seaweed
98
blades
leaflike ends of seaweed
99
red algae
within archaeplastida: contains red pigments to absorb light at lower depths
100
green algae
within archaeplastida: green color comes from chlorophyll
101
DHFR-TS gene fusion
102
amoebazoans
amoeba that have lobe or tube shaped psuedopodia (rather than threadlike)
103
opisthokonts
104
roles of protists in ecological relationship
105
symbiotic protists
106
photosynthetic protists
107
plant evolution and diversity
108
evidence for land plants evolving from green algae
a heterotrophic protist had a Cyanobacteria endosymbiont. green algae contains same pigments as land plants unlike other algae
109
rosette complexes
110
peroxisome enzymes
111
structure of flagellated sperm
112
formation of phragmoplast
113
adaptations enabling the move to land
114
sporopllenin
