exam 2 Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
sporopollenin
A
adaption that allowed plants to move to land, durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out
2
Q
derived traits of plants
A
-alternation of generations
-walled spores produced in sporangia
-multicellular gametangia
-apical meristems
3
Q
alternation of generations
A
4
Q
sporophyte
A
diploid, produces haploid spores thru meiosis
5
Q
gametophyte
A
haploid, produces haploid gametes thru mitosis
6
Q
spores
A
7
Q
embryophyte
A
land plants, dependency of embryo on parent
8
Q
placental transfer cells
A
how nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo
9
Q
sporangia
A
produced by sporophyte, organ that holds spores
10
Q
sporocytes
A
diploid cells in spores that undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores
11
Q
gametangia
A
where gametes are produced
12
Q
archegonia
A
female gametangia that produce eggs and are fertilization site
13
Q
antheridia
A
male gametangia that produce and release sperm
14
Q
apical meristem
A
site for continual growth in plants
15
Q
cuticle
A
film covering outer layer of plants to prevent evaporation of water out of plant
16
Q
phyla of extant plants
A
charophytes?
17
Q
bryophytes
A
non-vascular plants
18
Q
lycophytes
A
club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts (less vascularized leaves than pteridophytes)
19
Q
pterophytes
A
ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
20
Q
seedless vascular plants
A
Lycophyta and Pterophyta
21
Q
gymnosperm
A
seeds formed in strobili and lack fruits and flowers, 1 integument
22
Q
angiosperm
A
seeds formed in ovaries and have flowers and fruit to protect it, 2 integuments
23
Q
mosses and other nonvascular plants
A
liverworts-hepatophyta
hornworts-anthocerophyta
mosses-bryophyta
*gametophyte dominated life cycle
24
Q
protonema
A
thread-like chain of cells that forms earliest stages of gametophyte
25
gametophores
structures that produce either sperm or eggs and hold gametangia
26
rhizoids
anchor gametophytes in substrate
27
foot
connects to sporophyte
28
seta
stem like structure
29
capsule
holds sporangium
30
peristome
where spores are discharged from
31
stomata
small openings in leaves for gas exchange, seen in hornworts and moss
32
Sphagnum
"peat moss" forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material, important global reservoir of organic carbon
33
ferns and other seedless vascular plants
first plants to grow tall using vascular tissue, flagellated sperm restricts to moist environments
34
xylem
conducts most of the water and minerals including tracheas
35
tracheids
dead cells found in xylem, structural support and water transport
36
lignin
strengthens water-conducting cells and provides structural support
37
phloem
living cells, distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products
38
roots
organs that anchor vascular plants , absorb water and nutrients from soil
39
leaves
organs that increase surface area, to capture more solar energy used for photosynthesis
40
microphylls
leaves with a single vein
41
megaphylls
leaves with a highly branched vascular system
42
sporophylls
modified leaves with sporangia
43
sori
clusters of sporangia on the underside of sporophylls
44
strobili
cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls
45
homosporous
produces one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte
46
heterosporous
all seed plants and seedless vascular plants: produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes, and microspores that give rise to male gametophytes
47
megaspores
give rise to female gametophytes
48
microspores
give rise to male gametophytes
49
seedless vascular plant diversity
ferns are most diverse seedless vascular plants
50
seed
embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
51
seed plant characteristics
-reduced gametophytes
-heterospory
-ovules
-pollen
52
megasporangium
produces megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes
53
microsporangium
produces microspores that give rise to male gametophytes
54
pollen grains
what microspores develop into, containing male gametophytes
55
pollination
the transfer of pollen to the part of seed plant that contains ovules
56
ovule
consists of megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more integuments
57
pollen tube
produced when pollen grain germinates, discharges 2 sperm into ovule
58
seed embryo
seed develops from whole ovule, sporophyte embryo and food supply all within a protective coat
59
evolutionary advantages of seeds
-can remain dormant for days to years until germination conditions are favorable
-can be transported long distances by wind or animals
60
comparison of non-vascular, seedless vascular, and vascular plants
gametophyte vs sporophyte, h2o for reproduction, h2o transport
61
cycadophyta
large cones and palm like leaves
62
gnetophyta
gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia
63
ginkophyta
1 living species ginkgo biloba, ornamental and high tolerance to air pollution
64
coniferophyta
conifers such as pine/fir/redwood
65
flower
specialized structure for sexual reproduction
66
stamen
filament and anther
67
carpel
stigma, style, ovary
68
variations in fruit
can be fleshy or dry, one seed or multiple
69
dispersal of fruits
wings to float through wind, berries to pass through animals, barbs to stick onto animals
70
angiosperm life cycle
71
cross pollination
pollination of a flower/plant with from another flower/plant
72
micropyle
small opening in surface of ovule, where pollen tube penetrates
73
double fertilization
only seen in angiosperms, one sperm cell fertilizes egg, and other combines with 2 nuclei to become endosperm
74
cotyledon
part of embryo that becomes the first leaf in a seedling
75
endosperm
triploid (3n) food source within the embryo
76
monocot
contains one cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, scattered vascular tissue, fibrous root system, pollen grain with one opening, petals in multiples of 3
77
eudicot
contains 2 cotyledons (dicots), netlike leaf branching, ringed vascular tissue, taproot, 3 openings on pollen grains, petals in multiples of 4 or 5
78
products from seed plants
most food comes from angiosperms, wood from seed plants, secondary compounds used for medicine
79
mushroom
80
nutrition and ecology
heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from outside their bodies, can break down complex molecules
81
body structure of fungi
multicellular filaments or single celled yeasts
82
hyphae
long branching filamentous structure of fungi
83
chitin
what fungi cell walls are made of
84
mycelium
networks of hyphae
85
septa
how fungi are divided into cells, internal walls
86
coenocytic
fungi that lack septa
87
ectomycorrhizae
fungi that form sheaths of hyphae over plant roots and grow into spaces between roots
88
arbuscular mycorrhizae
extend hyphae through cekk walls and root cells and into tubes (haustoria)
89
haustoria
specialized hyphae that allow fungi to penetrate host tissue
90
sexual reproduction
fusion of hyphae from different mating types
91
pheromones
signaling molecules to communicate mating types
92
plasmogamy
union of two parent mycelia
93
heterokaryon
2 haploid nuclei that do not fuse right away but coexist in mycelium
94
dikaryotic
when haploid nuclei pair off 2 to a cell
95
karyogamy
nuclear fusion of haploid nuclei, creating diploid cells
96
cryptomycetes
unicellular w flagellated spores
97
microsporidians
group of spore-forming unicellular parasites
98
chytrid
freshwater and terrestrial habitat, have zoospores, emerged early in evolution
99
zoopagomycetes
parasites of animals, other fungi, and protists. asexual repro, non flagellated sperm
100
zygosporangium
resistant to freezing, drying, and survive unfavorable conditions (heterokaryotic)
101
mucoromycetes
fast growing molds, decomposers, parasites, and mutualist symbionts. associated w plants and have zygosporangia-glomeromycetes and arbuscular mycorrhizae
102
ascomycetes
marine freshwater terrestrial habitat, spores produced in sac like ascus, have ascocarps
103
sac fungi
ascomycetes nickname
104
ascocarp
fruiting body of sac fungi, ex. truffle
105
conidia
asexual spores produced at tips of specialized hyphae
106
basidiomycetes
mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi
107
basidium
club like structure
108
club fungus
basidiomycetes nickname
109
basidiocarp
large fruiting body where spores are formed
110
ascomycetes, mucoromycetes, and basidiomycetes life cycle
111
ecological roles of fungi
nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare
112
decomposition
recycling chemical elements between living and nonliving world
113
endophyte
fungi that live between plant cells, symbiotic
114
fungus-animal symbiosis
can help animals with digestion of food such as cows and ants
115
lichens
a hybrid colony of a photosynthetic microorganism and fungus which all cells are held in a hyphae
116
soredia
reproductive structure of lichens
117
fungi parasites
can benefit from death of host (trees and plants mostly)
118
practical fungi use
used in production of antibiotics
119
animal
multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes, tissues that develop from embryonic layers
120
heterotrophs
animals ingest food
121
animal cell structure and specialization
lack cell walls, structural proteins such as collagen, nervous and muscle tissue
122
reproduction and development
sexually, diploid stage dominates life cycle
123
cleavage
rapid cell division of zygote, after sperm fertilizes egg
124
blastula
animal embryo that is hollow ball of cells
125
gastrulation
blastula reorganizes into a multilayered structure
126
gastrula
multilayered structure that blastula becomes after gastrulation
127
metamorphosis
transformation from the immature to adult form
128
hox genes
regulate development of body form, in animals only
129
blastocoels
fluid filled cavity of blastula
130
blastopore
opening of gastrula where blastula caved into itself
131
endoderm
innermost germ layer that lines developing digestive tube
132
ectoderm
germ layer covering embryo outer surface
133
mesoderm
only seen in triploblastic animals, center germ layer
134
archenteron
the developing digestive tube
135
body plan
a set of morphological and developmental traits
136
radial symmetry
symmetry around a central point
137
bilateral symmetry
two sided symmetry
138
dorsal
top side
139
ventral
bottom side
140
anterior
head
141
posterior
tail
142
cephalization
the development of a head
143
tissues
collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers
144
diploblastic
animals that have ectoderm and endoderm
145
triploblastic
animals that also have a mesoderm layer
146
body cavity
possessed by triploblastic animals
147
coelom
a true body cavity derived from mesoderm
148
coelomate
animals that possess a true coelom
149
pseudocoelomate
organisms that have a fluid filled body cavity, not derived from mesoderm
150
acoelomate
triploblastics with no body cavity
151
protostome development
spiral cleavage, determinate, blastula becomes mouth
152
deuterostome development
radial and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus
153
spiral cleavage
cells arranged spirally around embryos axis
154
determinate cleavage
cells divided into daughter cells that are no longer able to produce a complete embryo on their own
155
radial cleavage
cells divide at 90 degree angles to each other
156
indeterminate cleavage
early embryonic c ells retain the capacity to develop into a complete embryo
157
coelom formation fate of the blastopore
porto-becomes mouth
deuteron-becomes anus
158
points of agreement between two most accepted animal phylogenies
-all animals have a common ancestor
-sponges are basal animals
-eumetazoans is a clade with true tissues
159
ecdysozoan
group of protostome that build cuticle, pish posh group
160
lophotrochozoans
triploblastic and possess an embryonic mesoderm sandwiched between the ectoderm and endoderm
161
lophophore
a feeding organ possessed by aquatic organisms
162
trochophore
