exam 3 Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
invertebrate
A
animals that lack backbone
2
Q
sponge
A
lack true tissues and organs
3
Q
basal animal
A
radial symmetry body plans
4
Q
suspension feeder
A
captures food particles suspended in water by passing thru body
5
Q
spongocoel
A
water drawn thru pores into here
6
Q
osculum
A
water leaves through this opening
7
Q
choanocytes
A
flagellated collar cells that create current thru sponge to ingest food
8
Q
mesohyl
A
noncellular layer between two cell layers
9
Q
amoebocytes
A
found in mesohyl and play role in digestion and structure
10
Q
hermaphrodite
A
functions as both male and female
11
Q
cnidarians
A
animals with true tissues
12
Q
gastrovascular cavity
A
a central digestive compartment
13
Q
polyp
A
sessile
14
Q
medusa
A
motile
15
Q
cnidocyte
A
unique cells that functioning defense to capture prey, “stinging”
16
Q
nematocyst
A
specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread
17
Q
cnidarian classes
A
Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa
18
Q
hydrozoan life cycle
A
19
Q
scyphozoan
A
jellies, medusa phase is prevalent form in life cycle
20
Q
cubozoan
A
box jellies and sea wasps, box-shaped with complex eyes, and highly toxic cnidocytes
21
Q
anthozoan
A
corals and anemones, only occur as polyps
22
Q
lophotrochozoan
A
develop lophophore for feeding
ex. flatworms, brachiopods, mollusks, annelids
23
Q
platyhelminthes
A
flatworms, triploblastic acoelomates, gas exchange thru surface
24
Q
protonephiridia
A
regulates osmotic balance in flatworms
25
flame cells
ciliated cells that remove waste in flatworms
26
turbellarian
planarians, eyespots, hermaphrodites, more complex centralized nerve nets
27
monogeneans
parasites of fish, complex life cycles
28
trematodes
parasites of humans and live in snails for part of their life, complex life cycles
29
life cycle of schistosoma
(blood fluke) ciliated larva>snail host> motile larva> human host
30
cestoda
tapeworms: parasite of vertebrates and lack digestive system. fertilized sexual eggs leave thru host feces
31
scolex
contains hook and sucker of tapeworms to latch on and absorb nutrients from host intestine
32
rotifers
-smaller than protists yet specialized organelles and multicellular
-alimentary canal
-parthogenesis
33
alimentary canal
digestive tube with separate mouth and anus that lies in fluid filled psuedocoelom
34
parthenogenesis
how rotifers reproduce, females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs
35
ectoprocts (bryozoans)
superficially resemble plants, contain lophophores, exoskeleton encases colony
36
brachiopods
superficially resemble hinged mollusks, yet have ventral and dorsal shells rather than lateral, lophophore
37
molluscs
soft bodied animals but protected by outer shell
38
body plan of mollusks
muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle
39
foot
mucus to crawl over rough surfaces/stick to substrate
40
visceral mass
soft, non-muscular region that contains body organs
41
mantle
body wall that covers visceral mass and produces calcium shell
42
mantle cavity
water filled cavity that encloses gills for respiration
43
radula
tiny teeth structure to scrape food off surface
44
Mollusca classes
polyplacophora
Gastropoda
bivalvia
Cephalopoda
45
Polyplacophora
chitons- oval shaped marine animals encased in armor of 8 dorsal plates
46
gastropod
single, spiraled shell, or no shell, use torsion. ex, snails/slugs
47
torsion
animals anus and mantle to end up above head
48
bivalves
shell divided in two halves, gills in mantle cavity for feeding and gas exchange
49
cephalopods
carnivores with beak like jaws, tentacles of modified foot, squid and octopuses
50
ammonites
shelled cephalopods that were common but went extinct
51
annelids
bodies composed of series of fused rings
52
oligochaete
sparse chateau, bristles made of chiton
earthworms+ aquatic species
53
polychaete
paddle-like parapodia that work as gills and aid in locomotion
54
parapodia
unjointed lateral appendages in polychaete
55
leeches
blood-sucking parasites
secrete hirudin to prevent blood rom coagulating
56
ecdysozoan
covered with cuticle
57
cuticle
tough coat that is molted through ecdysis
58
nematode
round worms, alimentary cancel but lack circulatory system, sexual reproduction, important parasites to plants and animals
59
arthropod
segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages
60
trilobite
earliest arthropod that showed little variation from segment to segment
61
exoskeleton
hard outer skeleton that supports body shape and protects internal organs
62
open circulatory system
fluid called hemolymph circulates through spaces surrounding tissues and organs
63
external anatomy of arthopods
cephalothorax, abdomen, antennae, legs, swimming appendages, pitchers, mouthparts
64
cheliceriformes
chelicerae, mainly arachnids
65
chelicerae
pair of appendages in front of mouth
66
eurypterid
earliest cheliceriorms (water scorpions)
67
arachnid
abdomen, cephalothorax, 6 pairs of appendages
68
anatomy of spider
book lungs, silk glands, 8 legs plus chelicerae
69
cephalothorax
fused head and thorax
70
pedipalps
used to capture/ hold prey
71
spinnerets
silk spinnig organ
72
silk gland
gland that produces silk, that hardens when exposed to air
73
book lungs
serious of thin plates, highly vascular, resembles pages of books
74
myriapods
jaw-like mandibles, centipedes and millipedes
75
diplopoda
millipeded- two leg pairs per segment
76
chilopoda
centipedes, 1 leg pair per segment
77
Hexapoda (insect)
more species than all other forms of life combines, include head thorax and abdomen, normally presence of wings
78
tracheae
delivers oxygen directly into insects tissues
79
malpighan tubules
absorbs salutes water and waste from hemolymph and discards waste as urine
80
cerebral ganglion
insect brain
81
mouthparts
mixes food with digestive enzymes and allows them to speak
82
complete metamorphisis
larval stage looks entirely different than adult stage
83
incomplete metamorhpisis
larval stage looks like a smaller version of adult stage, and keeps molting until reaches final size
84
nymph
young insects before molting
85
reproduction in insects
sexual reproduction thru separate sexes, mate with bright colors, sounds, and odors
86
crustaceans
mainly marine and freshwater environments, branched appendages specialized for feeding and locomotion
87
isopod
terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species
ex. pill bugs
88
decapods
relatively large crustaceans
ex. lobsters crabs crayfish
89
copepods
planktonic crustaceans, the most numerous of animals
90
barnacles
sessile crustaceans, cuticle hardened into a shell
91
echinoderm
deuterostomes, slow moving/sessile, water vascular system, tube feet
92
endoskeleton
internal calcareous skeleton plates
93
water vascular system
network of hydraulic canals that power tube feet
94
tube feet
used for locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange
95
madreporite
perforated plate where seawater enders the vascular System
96
central disk
central body that arms extend from
97
digestive glands
soft brown material that fills most spaces in the arms
98
ring canal
connects all radial canals, where water moves through for the vascular system
99
spine
protection from predators
100
gill
small gills at base of spines, assist with respiration and excretion
101
ampulla
sac that swells or deflates in radial canals
102
podium
tube feet
103
atsteroidea (sea star)
multiple arms from central disk, tube feet, can regrow lost arms
104
brittle star
distinct central disk with long flexible arms for movement
105
sea urchin
no arms, 5 rows of tube feet, round ball
106
sand dollar
no arms, 5 rows of tube feet, flat
107
sea Lillies
attach to substrate by stalk
108
feather stars
can crawl using long, flexible arms
109
sea cucumber
lack spines, reduced endoskeletons, long body shape, 5 rows of tube feet-some developed as feeding tentacles
110
sea daisy
discovered in 1986, only 3 species are known
111
chordate
bilateral animals that are deuterostomes
112
vertebrate
animals containing a backbone
113
characters of chordates
-notochord
-dorsal hollow nerve cor
-pharyngeal slits/clefts
-muscular post anal tail
114
notochord
longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord
115
nerve cord
developed from plate of ectoderm rolled into a tube, develops into central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
116
pharyngeal slits
grooves in pharynx called clefts develop into slits that open into outside body
-suspension feeding
-gas exchange
-develop into ear head and neck
117
post anal tail
in may species is greatly reduced, provides propelling force in many aquatic species
118
lancelet
blade-like shaped suspension feeders who retain chordate body through adulthood
119
cirri
lancelets suspension feed through these tentacles
120
atriopore
hole in which water exits the body
121
tunicate
marine suspension feeders: sea squirts. larval stage resembles chordate body plan then adult stage changes
122
incurrent/excurrent siphons
how water flows into sea squirts for suspension feeding
123
atrium
large cavity that contains enlarged pharynx
124
hox genes
genes that control body plan and morphology
125
craniate
chordates with head skull, brain, eyes, sensory organs
126
characters of craniates
-2 clusters of hox genes
-neural crest
-gill slits
-high metabolism and muscles
-heart, kidneys, red blood cells
127
neural crest
collection of cells near dorsal area of closing neural tube that give rise to variety of structures including skull
128
hagfish
least derived surviving lineage of craniates
-cartiligous skull and axial rod derived from notochord
-lack jaws and vertebrae
129
derived characteristics of vertebrates
second gene duplication involving DIx transcription factors
-vertebrae enclosing spinal cord
-elaborate skull
-fin rays, in aquatic forms
130
fin rays
small branching bones that support fins in fish, not connected to backbone
131
lamprey
oldest living lineage of vertebrates
132
characters of lamprey
-jawless
-cartilaginous segments surrounding notochord and arching over nerve cord
133
gnathostome
vertebrates that have jaws
-may have evolved from skeletal supports of pharyngeal slits
134
characters of gnathostomes
-additional duplication of Hox genes
-enlarged forebrain associated with smell and vision
-lateral line system
135
lateral line systems
detects pressure changes in fish to sense vibrations of objects/predators in the water
136
placoderm
gnathostomes that lacked teeth but had dermal bones that protruded like teeth
137
chondricthyans
animals with skeleton primarily composed of cartilage- sharks/rays/skates
138
spiral valve
short digestive tract with spiral to increase digestion surface area
139
oviparous
eggs hatch outside the mother's body
140
viviparous
embryo develops in uterus and is nourished by mother and live birth
141
ovoviviparous
embryo develops in uterus and is nourished by egg sac- egg hatches in mother's body
142
cloaca
cavity that releases digestive, excretory and reproductive output
143
osteichthyans
boney endoskeleton
144
operculum
flap that covers gills to protect them
145
swim bladder
how fish control buoyancy
146
ray-finned fishes
fins supported by rays that are long and flexible for manuevering
147
lobe-finned fishes
have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins
148
coelacanth
ancient group of lobe-finned fish
149
lungfish
freshwater vertebrates that can breathe air and have lobed fins
150
tetrapod
gnathostomes that have 4 limbs with feet and digits, and ears for detecting airborne sounds
151
origin of tetrapods
lobe-fins became progressively more limb-like while rest of body maintained adaptations for aquatic life
152
amphians
"both ways of life" aquatic larval and terrestrial adult stage
153
major groups of amphibians
urodela-salamanders
Anura-frogs
apoda-snakes
154
amniote
tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg
155
amniotic egg
egg with membranes to protect embryo out of water
156
amnion
membrane that covers embryo
157
chorion
membrane that surrounds embryo and amnion
158
allantois
helps embryo exchange gas and handle liquid waste
159
yolk sac
contains nutrients that embryo absorbs to develop
160
adaptation of amniotes for land
-impermeable skin
-ability to use rib cage to ventilate lungs
161
reptile
tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, birds, and extinct dinosaurs
162
characters of reptiles
scale for waterproof barrier, shelled eggs on land, ectothermic
163
ectothermic
absorb external heat as main source of body heat
164
endothermic
capable of keeping body warm through metabolism
165
lepidosaurs
surviving lineage of lepidosaurs is tuataras
166
turtles
167
alligators and crocodiles
168
birds
archosaurs, reptilian anatomy undergone modification for flight
169
derived characters of birds
-wings with keratin feathers
-lack of urinary bladder, one ovary, small gonads, no teeth
170
neornithes
clade of living birds
171
ratites
flightless birds
172
mammals
amniotes with hair and produce milk
173
derived characters of mammals
mammary glands
hair
larger brain
differentiated teeth
174
early evolution of mammals
two bones from jaw joint were incorporated into mammalian middle ear
175
synapsids
vertebrae that mammals evolved from
176
monotremes
small group of egg laying mammals
177
marsupials
embryo develops in placenta, born early, and continues development in maternal such
178
marsupium
maternal pouch that young marsupials develop in
179
convergent evolution
distantly related species develop similar traits due to similar environments
180
eutherians
placental mammals that have adapted closely to resembling marsupials
181
primates
lemurs monkeys apes
182
derived characters of primates
hands and feet adapted for grasping
-large brain, short jaw
-forward looking eyes
-complex parental care and social behavior
-opposable thumbs
183
living primates
lemurs, lorises, pottos
tarsiers
anthropoids
184
anthropoids
monkeys and apes
