exam 1 Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
How to improve memory?
A
-positive attitude
-plan of attack
-get help
-study time
-over-learning
2
Q
Dunning Kruger Effect
A
people overestimate their abilities/knowledge levels at first, so their confidence drops after failure, but then it increases with time and true competence.
3
Q
Psychology
A
a science! mind, brain, behavior, and how they interact with each other.
all people have variability, reactivity, and complexity.
4
Q
levels of analysis
A
cultural, social, individual, biological
5
Q
animism
A
life giving spirit
6
Q
dualism
A
mind and body are separate. mind=not physical
7
Q
René Descartes
A
created modified dualism
8
Q
modified dualism
A
animals have no soul, so some behaviors don’t need it. but for us the body controls behavior and the mind thinks.
9
Q
materialism
A
mind is a product of the brain
10
Q
empiricism
A
gain knowledge through experience
11
Q
idealism
A
mind works to organize and structure thoughts
12
Q
nature vs nurture
A
how much is due to DNA vs experience?
13
Q
nativism
A
more of who we are/what we do is because of DNA
14
Q
wilhelm wundt
A
founded psychology in 1879. focused on sensation and perception response times
15
Q
structuralism
A
breaking things down into component parts. founded by Titchner (wundt’s student). about components of thought and introspection.
16
Q
Titchner
A
wundt’s student who founded structuralism
17
Q
introspection
A
asking what it feels like to experience something. subjective.
18
Q
william james
A
founded functionalism
19
Q
functionalism
A
founded by william james. questioning what role certain thoughts and behaviors play. has darwinian influence––adaptation.
20
Q
freud
A
founder of psychoanalysis
21
Q
psychoanalysis
A
founded by freud. focuses on the active unconscious.
22
Q
active unconscious
A
a lot of what you experience is in the unconscious mind.
23
Q
humanistic/positive psychology
A
founded by rogers and maslow. emphasis on positive potential of people.
24
Q
rogers and maslow
A
founded human/positive psychology
25
gestalt psychology
founded by wertheimer, kohler, lewin. look at the whole of a thing--different than the sum of it's parts.
how you think + experience is influenced by context and experience.
26
wertheimer, kohler, lewin
founded gestalt psychology
27
behaviorism
founders are pavlov, watson, and skinner. wants to focus on measuring and observing behavior. the mind is not a subject of study. uses animals in experiments.
28
pavlov, watson, and skinner
founders of behaviorism
29
cognitive
mind is open to scientific study. trying to reverse engineer the mind. keeps methodological rigor of behaviorists, not subjectiveness.
30
neuroscience
looking at neural structures, brain regions, and neurotransmitters.
31
cognitive neuroscience
combines the cognitive and neuroscience perspectives.
32
applied psychology
counseling, clinical health, education, industrial/organizational, social-personality
33
research psychology
cognitive, neuroscience, quantitative, developmental, evolutionary
34
psychologists
PHD, PsyD
35
psychiatrist
MD or DO
36
scientific method
description, prediction, explanation
37
theory
an explanation, falsifiable
38
occam's razor
simplest possible explanation is the most preferred
39
hypothesis
derived from a theory, an educated guess
40
descriptive research
case studies, observational studies, surveys+questionnaires
41
case studies
one person, potentially insightful, not generalizable
42
observational studies
watching and reading over time
43
surveys and questionnaires
self-reported info
44
correlation studies
dependent variable of a pre-existing value
45
correlation coefficient
-1 to 1. 1 is positive, -1 is negative, 0 is no correlation.
46
directionality problem
what causes what: hard to determine in a correlational study
47
third variable problem
something else has influence over the variables, don't know if the correlation is true
48
false causation
seeing causal relationships that don't exist––
correlation≠causation
49
experiments
manipulate variables, measure the effect
50
operational definitions
define variables and measures so experiment could be recreated
51
independent variable
the variable that is manipulated
52
dependent variable
the response that is measured
53
control variable
tries to reduce confounding variables
54
between participant designs
different people, different groups. has between subject availability.
55
within participant designs
aka repeated measures. same person in multiple conditions (own control)
56
counterbalancing
even out things so effect can be net zero
57
random assignment
randomly place participants to null confounding effects
58
demand characteristics
for experimenter: is what you're observing due to the way you're asking questions?
59
expectancy effects
for participants: expectations of the participant influencing how they behave.
60
single blind
experimenter knows conditions, subjects don't
61
double blind
neither researcher nor participants know the group (used in drug studies)(limits placebo effect)
62
reproducibility
same lab/same method
63
replicability
diff lab/same method
64
robustness
same lab/diff method
65
generalizability
diff lab/diff method
66
confirmation bias
we see what we expect to see– placing greater emphasis on what confirms your beliefs.
67
Belmont Report
1979, produces parameters under which you can ethically do research with humans
68
1879
psych founded
69
principles
informed consent
free to choose
no coercion
equal opportunity
right to withdraw
right to withhold
no needless harm
don't lie/no deception
respect privacy
confidentiality
explain/debriefing
protect powerless+vulnerable
70
informed consent
you agree to be in the study
71
equal opportunity
everyone in the sample population has equal chance of being in the study
72
no needless harm
no harm without good reason
73
don't lie/no deception
need a justifiable reason to lie
74
explain/debriefing
explain the study afterward
75
protect powerless and vulnerable
don't take undue advantage
76
institutional review board (IRB)
made of various members. look at value of research relative to harm. one at every institution with human research.
77
institutional animal care and use committee
same as IRB but for animals
78
internal validity
can plausible alternative explanations be ruled out?
79
external validity
will the effect generalize beyond the study conditions?
80
Reliability
measures and assessments should be reliable
81
accuracy
nearness to actual value
82
precision
degree of repeatability (same value)
83
descriptive statistics
central tendency (average)–mean, median, mode
normal, left skew, right skew
range, standard deviation, standard error
scatterplot: pos, neg, no correlation
84
bar charts
categorical data only
85
line charts
continuous data (e.x. time)
86
pie chart
organizer
87
error bars
an indication of how much variance there is
88
inferential statistics
allow you to draw conclusions
89
type I error
false positive. say they're different but they're not. p < .05
90
type II error
false negative. say they're same but they're diff. power (more data).
91
statistically significant
if p < .05
92
Bayesian Statistics
assess whether null hypothesis should be rejected
assess the probability of an outcome
93
Best practices
open science
pre-registration
power analysis
meta-analysis
94
open science
sharing data and steps and more
95
pre-registration
say what you'll do before you do it
96
power analysis
how many people will you test
97
meta-analysis
analyzing all data from all studies
98
structure of a neuron
cell body/soma
dendrites
axons
synaptic buttons
myelin sheath
nodes of ranvier
99
cell body
soma
100
dendrites
collect info for the cell
101
axons
take info out of cell
102
synaptic buttons/terminal branches
form junctions with other cells
103
myelin sheath
speeds neuro-communication
104
nodes of ranvier
gaps in myelin sheath
105
white matter
bundles of myelinated neurons, parts of the brain that send info farther
106
gray matter
no myelin, transmitting info short distances and there's no room for myelin
107
afferent neurons (sensory)
take periphery info in (outside-in)
108
efferent neurons (motor)
send info that's inside outside (inside-out)
109
glial cells
help support neurons; provide nutrients, clean up waste, hold neurons in place, insulate neurons, remove dead neurons
110
CNS glial cells
ependymal
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
111
PNS glial cells
satellite cells
schwann cells
112
ependymal
(CNS) line ventricles, make spinal fluid
113
astrocytes
(CNS) provide nutrients, clean waste, hold in place
114
microglia
(CNS) respond to infections and damage
115
oligodendrocytes
(CNS) insulate neurons (myelin sheath)
116
satellite cells
(PNS) provide nutrients, clean up, hold in place
117
schwann cells
(PNS) insulate neurons (myelin sheath)
118
neural conduction (ACTION POTENTIAL)
70 mV resting, when stimulated you get depolarization, then repolarization, then a recharging refractory period before returning to 70 mV
119
all or none principle
when a neuron fires it will fire, when it doesn't it won't
120
pattern of firing
some fire and some don't (1+0 in computing, specific patterns for specific things). seizure is all. death is none.
121
reflective refractory period
resting of neural membrane
122
absolute refractory period
resetting balance of sodium and potassium in the cell
123
excitatory neurotransmitters
depolarizing, encourage synaptic firing
124
inhibitory neurotransmitters
hyperpolarizing, discourage post-synaptic firing
125
glutamate
excitatory, NMDA+AMPA receptors, sensory neurons, learning, deactivated by alcohol. precursor for GABA.
126
GABA
inhibitory, anxiety regulation, learning, receptor sites are stimulated by opiates and alcohol––binds to receptor sites it would bind to
127
Acetylcholine
excitatory and inhibitory. muscle movement, attention, alertness, memory (hippocampus), sleeping + REM sleep, production blocked in AD. release prevented w/ botulism, activated by nicotine, blocked by curare.
128
dopamine
excitatory and inhibitory, regulates motor actions, emotions (motivation and pleasure). too little is Parkinsons, too much is schizophrenia. amphetamines and cocaine block reuptake.
129
norepinepherine
excitatory, mood control + arousal, vigilance
130
serotonin
inhibitory. motion control, dreaming, pain regulation. prozac blocks reuptake, sites stimulated with LSD
131
endorphins
inhibitory, pain regulation, reward. opioids simulate endorphins. blocked by naloxone.
132
agonists
accentuators. aid neurotransmitter action, reuptake blocker or receptor binding
133
antagonists
diminishers. impede neurotransmitter action. neurotransmitters breakdown in synapse, receptor blocking.
134
re-uptake
presynaptic absorption of unused neurotransmitters
135
learning
altered connections
pruning
plasticity
neurogenesis
136
altered connections
dendrites usually change with learning
137
pruning
fewer connections now then when younger (incomplete pruning is theory for synesthesia)
138
plasticity
constantly being modified and developed
139
neurogenesis
new neurons being created in hippocampus for learning and representing new information.
140
endocrine system
nervous system influences glands (pituitary gland, signals from hypothalamus). glands secrete hormones for global effects.
141
nervous system
peripheral and central and spiderweb out from there
142
peripheral nervous system
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
143
somatic nervous system
deliberate actions
144
autonomic nervous system
things you do but are unaware of (ex breathing)
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
145
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
146
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest
147
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord surrounded by cerebral spinal fluid and ventricles and meninges
blood-brain barrier
spinal cord does higher-order processing
brain is most prominent
148
meninges
meningitis is a breakdown of meninges
149
higher order processing
reflexes
150
major brain areas
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
151
hindbrain
brain stem, medulla, reticular formation, pons, cerebellum
152
brain stem
oldest part of brain
made of myelencephalon
153
medulla
heartbeat, blood circulation, respiration : made of myelencephalon
154
reticular formation
circadian rhythms : made of myelencephalon
155
pons
relays sensory info, controls respiration : metencephalon
156
cerebellum
fine motor control, coordination, balance : metencephalon
157
midbrain
reticular activating system (RAS)
superior + inferior colliculi
158
reticular activating system (RAS)
arousal and sleep-wake states : tegmentum
159
tegmentum
RAS and movement
160
superior and inferior colliculi
vision and hearing : tectum
161
tectum
superior + inferior colliculi
162
substantia nigara
reward, addiction, movement
163
myelencephalon
medulla, reticular formation
164
metencephalon
pons, cerebellum
165
assessing structure of brain
post mortem examination, CT scan, MRI scans, DTI (diffuser temperature imaging)
166
Electrical measures to assess brain
single cell recording, EEG recordings, MEG scan (magnetoencephalography), TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)
167
assessing brain blood flow
position emission tomography (PET scan), fMRI (functional MRI), NIRS (near infrared spectroscopy), light on scalp and see light scatter
168
neurological assessment measures
abrasion and lesions (surgically remove part of brain)
169
forebrain
diencephalon, telencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala
170
appearance of brain
bulge, valley
brain is wrinkled to fit a large "sheet" of neurons into small surface area.
171
bulge
ridge or gyrus
172
valley
fissure or sulcus
173
diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus
174
thalamus
receives and integrates sensory information (post office of brain). smell does NOT go through here.
175
hypothalamus
homeostasis: temp satiety, fluids
motivation: thirst, hunger, aggression
176
telencephalon
basal ganglia, limbic structures
177
basal ganglia
many structures: globus pallidus, striatum, putamen, cavdate nucleus
movement control (large movements)
motor learning (muscle memory)
178
limbic structures
hippocampus, amygdala
179
hippocampus
important for conscious learning (declarative)
180
amygdala
important for emotions, fear and aggression. connected to olfactory system (smell to emotions). smell goes through here instead of thalamus.
181
Insula
gustatory processes
emotion and empathy
many connections
182
Phrenology
means study of the mind. DISCREDITED––Francis Gall. "if you're good at something that part of the brain gets bigger".
183
lobes of the cortex
occipital lobe, temporal lobe, parietal, frontal
184
occipital lobe
in the back of the skull: vision
185
temporal lobe
on the side: long term memory
186
parietal lobe
on the top: spatial, sensory, working memory, processing
187
frontal lobe
controls thought and motion
- last part to develop is first to go away
188
Phineas Gage
case study. in an accident rod went through his head and he could no longer control emotions: his frontal lobe was damaged.
189
sensory cortex
in front of parietal lobe, has receptors from all over body, amount of lobe per body part proportional to sensitivity of that body part
190
motor cortex
back of frontal lobe, amount of cortex per body part proportional to how much it does and how much control we need.
191
mirror neurons
in frontal and parietal lobe, near motor and sensory cortexes.
watching another's actions leads to action understanding, speech perception, imitation, empathy
leads to phantom limb
192
phantom limb
feeling in removed limb still there because of neurons in motor and sensory cortices even though arm is gone.
193
george a. miller
launched the cognitive psychology movement with his book "cognitive psychology"
194
experimentation averse
a tendency for people to prefer to receive an untested treatment than to participate in a randomized study to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment.
195
broca's area
left frontal region of the brain, responsible for language production
196
corpus callosum
bridge of axons that connects the hemispheres of the brain
197
split brain
procedure where you cut the corpus callosum
198
pituitary gland
located at base of hypothalamus, sends signals to the rest of the hormone glands
