exam 2 Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
sclera
A
whites of the eye
2
Q
cornea
A
made of cells and light has to pass through it
3
Q
aqueous humor
A
where light passes after cornea, filled with water
4
Q
lens
A
made of cells and is flexible. does the fine focusing of the eye. because cells don’t regenerate as you get older it gets more difficult to focus sight
5
Q
iris
A
is the color part of the eye
6
Q
iris
A
is the color part of the eye
7
Q
pupil
A
the middle of the iris. a hole that light passes through. when light is high it contracts. when light is low it expands.
8
Q
vitreous humor
A
helps the eye maintain shape. can build up floaters in vision.
9
Q
retina
A
where light is turned into neural impulses
10
Q
fovia
A
is wherever your sight fixation is. photoreceptors are most dense here. this is why there isn’t a lot of detail in the periphery but there is on main focus.
11
Q
optic nerve
A
where all nerve fibers are gathered together for sending signals. holes in vision where optic nerves in eyes are.
12
Q
myopia
A
nearsightedness (eye too long) can’t see far away
13
Q
hyperopia
A
farsightedness (eye too short) can’t see close up
14
Q
astigmatism
A
cornea imperfections. causes trouble focusing and distortion
15
Q
presbyopia
A
lens stiffening as you age causing focusing sight to be difficult
16
Q
photoreceptors
A
point towards the back of the eye. about 130 million but only 1 million go out (compression). cones and rods.
17
Q
cones
A
need a lot of light to operate. color system.
18
Q
rods
A
outnumbered by cones by a lot. black and white vision. used a lot more in the dark
19
Q
ganglion cells
A
make up the optic nerve. sharpen sight. in periphery, light goes through less ganglion cells than in fovea.
- on center and off center ganglion cells
20
Q
sensation
A
detection of physical energy
21
Q
transduction
A
convert energy to neural impulses
22
Q
perception
A
determine external world from sensory stimuli
23
Q
sensory systems
A
vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell, vestibular, kinesthesis/proprioception, somatic
24
Q
somatic sense
A
heat, pain, pressure
25
law of specific nerve endings
signals on a sensory pathway are interpreted as that type of information. ex. visual nerve stimulation=light.
26
synesthesia
inappropriately experiencing senses
27
distal stimulus
reflects or radiates energy
28
proximal stimulus
affects sense organs
29
psychophysics
relate physical properties to psychology
30
detection
the ability to determine whether a stimulus is present
31
Absolute threshold
the point in which the stimulus is detectable 50% of the time
32
discrimination
detection of a change in intensity or quality of the stimuli
33
Discrimination laws
weber's law
fechner's law
steven's law
34
weber's law
a fraction. the more intense the stimulus the bigger the change needed for you to notice the difference.
35
fechner's law
logarithmic sensation
36
steven's law
stimulus' magnitude: pain, length, brightness
37
signal detection theory
used to calculate discrimination
- can have hits (yes/yes), misses (no/no), false alarms (yes/no), correct rejections (no/yes)
38
dark adaptation
rods adapt better in darkness (D.A. curve–rods vs cones)
39
electromagnetic spectrum
we only see a bit of it because we only see what we need to see (wavelengths correspond to colors)
40
hue
dominant wavelength of light (what is meant by color)
41
brightness
amplitude, intensity
42
saturation
purity, quantity of primary wavelengths
43
trichromatic color vision
in retina there are three color receptors (cones)–red, green, and blue (long, medium, short wavelengths). connect to colorblindness.
44
colorblindness
some of the color associated cones don't work properly
45
photopigments
rods: rhodopsin
cones: idopsins: photopsin I (red), photopsin II (green), photopsin III (blue)
46
Opponent-Process Color Vision (Hering's Theory)
6 systems in 3 pairs.
Hue: red vs green , and blue vs yellow
Brightness: black vs white
Afterimages
47
Cortical Color Vision
Color constancy. Edwin Land Colors Collage. Projecting colors of light to create other colors.
48
Color Constancy
wavelengths vary (eg sunlight vs fluorescent) and occipital lobe takes the context into account
49
Pattern Recognition
2d proximal stimuli to 3d objects (inkblot test). first you identify features and it's processed along different pathways then organized into objects
50
perceptual constancies
color constancy, size constancy, shape constancies
51
size constancy
people walking away aren't perceived as becoming smaller
52
shape constancy
you don't think shape changes when perspective changes (ex doors)
53
ventral stream
what (object recognition)
54
dorsal stream
where (spatial recognition)
55
serial processing
one thing happens at a time
56
parallel processing
multiple things at a time
57
gestalt organization principles
figure-ground, proximity, similarity, good continuation, common fate, closure, simplicity (good form)
58
figure ground
deciding whats object and what's background
59
proximity
things together are likely to be part of something
60
similarity
things similar to one another are likely to be part of something
61
good continuation
if things meet we assume they continue on
62
common fate
things moving together group together
63
closure
(inkblot) close gaps in our perception
64
simplicity (good form)
complete things with simplest solution
65
subjective contours
white space and shapes lalalala
66
sound
an interpretation of movements of air
67
monocular cues (one eye)
relative size, linear perspective, occlusion, texture gradient, motion parallax, height in image
68
binocular (two eyes)
binocular disparity, binocular convergence
69
binocular disparity
brain takes into account that eyes are in diff places and show different images
70
binocular convergence
the closer something gets to you the more your eyes turn in, brain uses it to tell how far
71
relative size
we don't assume things far away are small we just see them as further
72
linear perspective
when we see parallel lines, them getting closer is seen as farther
73
occlusion
one image blocking another means it's closer
74
texture gradient
up close texture is more detailed and it looks smoothed out when it's far away
75
motion parallax
when you're moving things closer feel like they're moving (closer=faster). things beyond fixation point feel like they're moving in the same direction
76
height in image
when it's higher in a picture we see it as further away
77
ponzo illusion
2 lines on linear perspective
77
müller lyer illusion
lines with arrows facing in vs out
78
moon illusion
moon seems larger at horizon, smaller overhead
79
Area MT (temporal lobe)
area responsible for motion perception
80
phi phenomenon
(related to common fate) interpreting movement when there isn't any
81
waterfall illusion
like opponent process but for down-up: watch a waterfall go down for a while and everything will feel like it's going up
82
bottom-up
what's in the world to you
83
top-down
your thoughts into the world
84
interactive
bottom up and top down processing at the same time
85
simple cells
respond to features in receptive field
86
complex cells
aggregates of simple cells
87
hypercomplex cells
aggregates of complex cells: specific shapes and combinations
88
Biederman's RBC theory
geons are 3d shapes and they're recognizable then assembled together to make objects we can clearly identify. important places are where one geon ends and another begins. bottom-up processing.
89
autokinetic effect
when you stare at something your eyes can't stay still (ex. dark room and light looks like it's moving... example of top-down processing experiment with movement and words)
90
nativism
knowledge needed for perception is innate
91
empiricism
knowledge needed for perception is learned
92
visual deprivation
evidence that perception is learned, restricting visual inputs to a maturing organism
93
visual distortion
evidence for learned. distorting normal vision in an experienced organism.
94
redirection of visual input
learned. redirection of visual inputs, altering the route of neural pathways. (moving sight from occipital to frontal lobe in hampsters)
95
visual agnosia/anomia
inability to identify objects--temporal lobe damage (visual association cortex)
96
prosopagnosia
inability to identify faces. select part of visual association cortex (face areas)
97
consciousness
subjective experience
98
phenomenology
asking what consciousness feels like
99
problem of other minds
we can't perceive other's consciousness, we infer from experience
100
levels of consciousness
animal, full, self
101
animal
some animals like rats, bugs, etc.
102
full
cats, dogs, etc.
103
self
our level of consciousness today, maybe primates
104
cognitive unconscious
dynamic, lots of processes
105
dual processes theory
fast is unconscious, slow is conscious
106
endogenous attention
attention directed by you
107
exogenous attention
attention captured by the environment
108
early filter theory
attention is focused on physical aspects at first
109
late filter theory
stimuli are processed for meaning before physicalities
110
feature search
pop out effect-one specific feature
111
conjunction search
combination of features
112
illusory conjunctions
inappropriately combining traits of what you're searching for
113
change blindness
don't notice changes in a scene or moment even though you're looking directly at it
114
shadowing drift
know most of what you're attending to but some things slip through: naming being called
115
distraction
music, silence, instrumental music while studying
116
capacity theories
capacity in the mind to multitask, naturally limiting inputs when you need more focus
117
automatic and controlled processing
cognition is less controlled and more automatic with repetition (learning to walk, drive, etc)
118
stroop effects
attention is disrupted by irrelevant automatic processing
119
choking under pressure
conflict of conscious and unconscious processing.
120
inhibition
you inhibit strong but irrelevant sources of interference
121
mental control
directing thoughts, thought suppression
122
meditation
altered state of perception, environmental awareness is altered. benefits are reduced stress, data is suggestive but not conclusive
123
concentrative meditation
focus on one thing
124
mindfulness meditation
let mind wander freely
125
flow state
in the zone, really focused so much so that nothing else is processed
126
hypnosis
altered state of perception where experiences may be inaccurate. discovered by anton mesmer.
127
hypnotic suggestions
ideomotor, challenge
128
ideomotor
involuntary action, ex eyelids growing heavier
129
challenge
voluntary action, hypnotic rigidity
130
hypnotic analgesia
a cognitive suggestion, pain isn't experienced like it normally is.
131
glove anaesthesia
not feeling hand
132
post hypnotic amnesia
forgetting after the hypnosis session
133
state theory
says hypnosis is a form of sleep (wrong)
134
sociocognitive theory
epiphenomenon, says people are playing a role
135
neodissociative theory
separate parts of the mind, active part carries out commands, hidden observer
136
circadian rhythyms
daily cycles guided by a biological clock (sleep-wake cycle)
137
reticular activating system
regulates circadian rhythms
138
circadian drift
at mammoth cave, no signals as to day and night but circadian rhythm still remained mostly intact it drifted slightly and they made the days longer than they actually are but upon coming out it reset
139
sleep
an altered state of consciousness
140
pre-sleep
hypnogogic, semi-dreamlike, hypnic jerk
141
mid-sleep
unconscious, brain is active
142
post-sleep
hypnopompic, sleep paralysis could occur
143
to record sleep for research
eye movements, EMG, EEG
144
stages of sleep
1, 2, 3, 4, REM
145
Stage 1 Sleep
theta waves
146
stage 2 sleep
sleep spindles, K complexes
147
stage 3 sleep
theta + delta waves
148
stage 4 sleep
delta waves
149
REM sleep
theta waves + beta waves, narrative dreams, breathing and heart rate increase, muscles relaxed. aids procedural memory
150
Slow wave sleep (SWS)
stage 3, 4, aids declarative memory
151
Sleep deprivation
memory problems, aggressive behavior, microsleeps (brief slips into sleep, little mental processing done)
152
effect of loss of REM sleep
you'll have more REM sleep after you've been deprived
153
insomnia
want to sleep but can't
154
narcolepsy
fall asleep inappropriately and in an involuntary manner
155
sleep apnea
trouble breathing while you sleep
156
somnambulism
sleep walking (more common in children) (happens during SWS)
157
night terrors/sleep terrors
SWS emotion regulation gets out of wack
158
restorative theory
restore body's rescources during sleep
159
evolutionary theory
keeps body motionless, away from predators, helps conserve resources.
160
off-line neuro-processing
need to sleep because brain is so complicated and when we're asleep can do more difficult tasks like memory condensation
161
dreams
more emotional, less logical but we accept it while in the dream. poorly remembered, sensory filled.
162
problem solving (dream theory)
cognitive, work on unresolved problems
163
activation-synthesis theory (dream theory)
biological, brain-stem is stimulating neurons to exercise them, cortex interprets random neural firing
164
wish fulfillment/psychodynamic theory
dreams are the royal road to the unconscious (dream interpretation)
165
manifest content
what happens in the dream
166
latent content
what is truly meant by what happens in the dream
167
nightmares
not just bad dreams, but when the bad dreams wake you up. they typically follow stressful events and are caused by problems with emotion regulation.
168
response bias
reasoning as to why one might say there is or is not a stimulus present (radiologist with signs of cancer example)
169
sensory adaptation
like habituation except takes less time. like getting into a cold pool and you don't feel it after a while.
170
gate control theory
neural "gates" in the spinal cord allow pain through or block pain depending on situations. ex. you feel a bug bite when you're trying to sleep but not when awake, or an athlete plays through an injury without realizing how bad it is.
