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PSY-10000 > exam 4 (oh no....) > Flashcards

exam 4 (oh no....) Flashcards

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1
Q

Self-Schema

A

an integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self that help us efficiently perceive, organize, interpret, and use information related to ourselves. Helps us filter info so we can process things that are self-relevant over other things.

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2
Q

Self-Concept

A

The larger, overall idea we have about who we are including our beliefs and general information about ourselves. Sometimes referred to as identity. (I)

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3
Q

Working Self-Concept

A

only a certain amount of self-info can be held at once. what’s immediately available is within the working self-concept. Tends to guide behavior (ex. being american is more important to you if you are in toronto than if you were in boston) (ME)

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4
Q

cognition

A

mental activity that includes thinking and understanding that result from thinking.

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5
Q

thinking

A

the mental manipulations of of knowledge about the world

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6
Q

analogical representations

A

mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of what they represent. ex. clocks, maps

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7
Q

symbolic representations

A

abstract mental representations that do not have any physical characteristics of what they represent. usually words, numbers, or ideas.

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8
Q

mental maps

A

use symbolic and analogical representations

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9
Q

concept

A

category or class of related items consisting of mental representations of those items.

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10
Q

prototype model

A

a way of thinking about concepts: within each category there is a best example (prototype) for that category

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11
Q

prototype

A

the best example of something in a category, usually the first thing you think of. ex: dog, golden retriever

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12
Q

exemplar model

A

a way of thinking about concepts: all members of a category are examples, they form the concept and determine category membership

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13
Q

script

A

a schema that directs behavior over time within a situation

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14
Q

stereotypes

A

cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fact processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups. can also affect ideas of the self.
contain: expectations, interpretations, judgement, standards

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15
Q

reasoning

A

organizing things and applying logic
needs truth and validity to be a sound argument

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16
Q

thinking and understanding

A

perception and memory.
integrative process (learning in light of what you already know)

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17
Q

emotions

A

ubiquitous (ever-present), immediate, subjective, evaluative, !reactions! to environmental events. feelings are part of emotions.
made of: physiological reactions, cognitive components, phenomenological experiences.

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18
Q

moods

A

diffuse, long lasting states, no specific trigger, general, affect the way we think and interpret.

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19
Q

what emotions do

A

provide context-appropriate behavior patterns. communicate internal states to others. serve adaptive, cognitive, and relationship purposes.

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20
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

facial expressions influence a person’s emotional experience. ex. smile more and you might actually feel happy

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21
Q

James Lange Theory of Emotion

A

stimulus -> physiological arousal -> phenomenological experience
-implies that all emotions have different physiological signs, but that’s not true
-some feelings come before physical reactions (ex. embarrassment)

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22
Q

Canon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

stimulus -> physiological arousal AND phenomenological experience

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23
Q

Schacter-Singer Theory /Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

A

stimulus-> physiological arousal -> cognitive interpretation -> phenomenological experience
-we can misattribute arousal

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24
Q

self-esteem

A

our feelings, judgements, and evaluations about our self-concept

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25
motivation
driving force behind behavior that: activates, sustains, and directs behavior.
26
reinforcement based
behavior is shaped by contingencies
27
physiological motivation
neurobiological basis, homeostasis -instincts (unlearned, automatic, response), needs (states of depravity), drives (to satisfy needs)
28
cognitive motivation
purpose, goal oriented, expectation based -intrinsic and extrinsic
29
intrinsic motivation
internal, psychological
30
extrinsic motivation
external, for rewards
31
process of social cognition
is what creates/shapes our attitudes: -attention, where you focus it -interpretation, what meaning you give -judgement -memory
32
A(ffect)
self esteem
33
self esteem
feelings, judgements and evaluations about your self concept, yourself
34
B(ehavior)
motivation
35
motivation
physiological: intrinsic needs and drives cognitive: intrinsic and extrinsic
36
C(ognition)
self concept
37
needs
to be liked, loved and belong to be unique, special and different for consistency, coherence and control
38
lay psychology
everyone is, in ways, an inner-psychologist
39
attribution of causality
behavior is a function of either the person or the situation. a way in which we gain a sense of control. for others: it's the person for ourselves: it's the situation
40
managing self image
attribution of causality, reconstructive process of memory
41
fundamental attribution error
overemphasizing the influence a person's character has on a behavior they performed.
42
the actor-observer divergence
a cognitive bias that occurs when people explain their own behavior differently than others.
43
reconstructive process of memory
make past actions concurrent with the present current emotions influence what we remember retelling memories changes them.
44
self-serving biases
tendency to see ourselves more positively than we should. strengthened or weakened by: objective vs subjective public vs private aschematic vs schematic
45
more likely to self serve in cases that are
subjective, private, schematic
46
self-enhancing
always associating self with positives
47
self-effacing
avoiding associating self with negatives
48
counter defensiveness
giving away credits for positive things and actively take blame for negatives
49
false consensus
overestimating amount of people who believe the same thing
50
false uniqueness
underestimating how many people share the same traits
51
representative heuristic
a mental shortcut people use to make decisions based on how similar something is to a category's typical features. conserves effort.
52
covariation theory
focused on attributions: situational or personal. information can be used and interpreted systematically. uses: 1. consistency–do they do this regularly? 2. distinctiveness-do they do similar things? 3. consensus-do others do this too?
53
situational factors for cognitions leading to behaviors
constraints choice
54
attitudinal factors for cognitions leading to behaviors
origins strength specificity
55
behaviors leading to cognitions
role playing (nd self vs hs self) foot-in-the-door (little step before big step) gradual escalation (like above but more steps)
56
cognitive dissonance
negative aversive tension arises because of an incongruence between any two attitudinal components occurs with preexisting attitudes only
57
basis of relationships
liking
58
factors predicting liking
proximity familiarity similarity attractiveness reciprocity
59
components of love
intimacy passion commitment
60
conformity
being influenced by others/group pressure involves: -compliance, obedience, acceptance affected by: -social roles, social norms, status, cohesiveness, unanimity
61
persuasion
change in beliefs/values in response to receiving a message
62
dual process models of persuasion
central/cognitive route peripheral/affective route
63
elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
the amount of effort a person puts into processing a message determines how they are likely to be persuaded
64
central/cognitive route of persuasion
cognitive elaboration used. results in cases: favorable thoughts-> positive attitude change unfavorable thoughts ->negative attitude change mix/neutral thoughts-> if peripheral cues present then attitude will change
65
peripheral/affective route of persuasion
minimal cognitive elaboration. affective focus. peripheral cue present-> attitudinal change peripheral cue absent -> no change
66
peripheral cue
superficial characteristics that can be used to persuade
67
ignorance hypothesis
a general lack of knowledge of other groups explains stereotypes
68
in-group/out-group effect
we tend to judge and treat people who are like us more favorably than people who are different from us.
69
minimal intergroup paradigm
a method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups 1) novel and arbitrary group categorization 2) anonymity and no interaction among group members 3) no direct benefits to the participant in outcome measures
70
perceived out-group homogeneity effect
assuming everyone in the other group is the same: -decreases the within group variability in the out-group -increases between group differences -does not change in-group variability
71
how to counteract negative stereotypes
-out-group must have traits to counteract negative stereotypes -contact must be supported by the community -groups must be of equal status -contact must occur at individual level -contact should be rewarding -SUPERORDINATE GOAL
72
superordinate goal
goal is NOT just tolerance but actual genuine acceptance
73
human behavior
person x situation goal driven
74
aggression
behavior intended to cause harm to others
75
types of aggression
hostile/emotional/impulsive instrumental/cognitive
76
means of expression of aggression
physical/direct nonphysical/indirect
77
instinct/drive theory of aggression
aggression is inherited and biological. no empirical support for this, freudian.
78
frustration-aggression hypothesis
aggression is simply a response to frustration
79
frustration
negative emotional state when goal directed behavior is blocked OR negative emotion that can lead to aggression
80
restructuring
a method of problem solving in which you rework the problem to find the solution.
81
mental sets
problem solving strategies that have worked in the past
82
functional fixedness
having fixed ideas about the function of an object. ex. in a car crash you wouldn't think about using the seat belt buckle to break the window.
83
algorithm
strategy for problem solving. a guideline that, when followed correctly, will always lead to the correct answer no matter how long it takes.
84
analogical problem solving
comparing your situation to an analogous one to find an out of the box solution
85
insight
the sudden realization of the solution of a problem
86
feeling
subjective experience of the emotion but not the emotion itself.
87
primary emotions
emotions that are innate, evolutionarily adaptive, and universal across cultures. including anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise, contempt.
88
secondary emotions
blends of primary emotions, feelings about emotions, or emotions that relate to culturally specific values or concepts. such as remorse, guilt, shame, jealousy, pride, love.
89
insula
part of the limbic system. receives and integrates somatosensory signals from the entire body. involved in subjective awareness of bodily states
90
amygdala
part of the limbic system. processes the emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional behavior and reactions. comes from (evolutionarily) the need to protect ourselves from danger. has a slow path and a fast path. also involved in perception of social stimuli.
91
misattribution of arousal
men walking across scary vs safe bridge w pretty woman.. people scared say the woman was more attractive than the ones who were not scared. attributing your arousal to something other than the cause.
92
suppression
attempting not to respond at all to the emotional stimulus
93
rebound effect
people think more about something that they're trying to suppress.
94
rumination
thinking about, elaborating on, and becoming stuck in a cycle of undesired thoughts or feelings.
95
reappraising
changing the meaning of something to regulate your emotional reaction to it (ex scary movie is not real, just a movie)
96
self-distancing
creating mental distance by taking a different perspective on a situation
97
display rules
rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable in given situations
98
ideal affect
emotional or affective states that people want to feel or that cultures especially value
99
self-actualization
period in life when one's dreams are accomplished
100
drive
a psychological state that, using arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need
101
Yerkes-Dodson Law
the principle that performance on challenging tasks increases with arousal up to a moderate level. after that, additional arousal impairs performance.
102
incentives
external objects or external goals that motivate behaviors.
103
pleasure principle / hedonism
fruedian/greek. says people seek pleasure and avoid pain.
104
balance theory
The idea that people are motivated to achieve harmony in their interpersonal relationships. A triad is balanced when the relationships are all the same direction or if two relationships are negative and one is positive.
105
self-affirmation
a need for a sense of self that is coherent and stable
106
core values
Strongly held beliefs about the enduring principles that are most important and meaningful. Values promote emotions and actions when they are aroused or threatened.
107
self-determination theory
people are motivated to satisfy needs for competence, relatedness to others, and autonomy. these three basic needs must be met in order to thrive and do the best creative work.
108
social identity theory
in-groups consist of people who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and take pride in their group membership
109
in-group favoritism
the tendency for people to evaluate those in the in-group more favorably than those in the out-group
110
risky-shift effect
groups often make riskier decisions than individuals do
111
group polarization
the process by which initial attitudes of groups become more extreme over time.
112
groupthink
The tendency of a group to make a bad decision as a result of preserving the group and maintaining its cohesiveness; especially likely when the group is under intense pressure, is facing external threats, and is biased in a particular direction.
113
social facilitation
the idea that the presence of others generally enhances performance if the required action is easy or already well learned. in cases in which the task is difficult or not learned performance is impaired.
114
social loafing
the tendency for people to work less hard when in a group than when alone
115
deindividuation
a state of reduced individuality, reduced self awareness, and reduced attention to personal standards due to being part of a group
116
conformity
the altering of behaviors to align with the group
117
normative influence
the tendency for people to conform to a group
118
informational influence
the tendency of people to conform when they assume that the behavior of others represents the correct way to respond.
119
social norms
expected behaviors in societies
120
Stanley Milgram Shock Experiment – Obedience
researcher told people to shock someone and they continued to do it even when the person yelled out for them to stop and even when they became unresponsive. showed the power of authority figures.
121
prosocial behaviors
actions that benefit others. humans are prone to prosocial behaviors
122
inclusive fitness
explains prosocial behaviors in darwinistic terms... we perform prosocial behaviors because we want the next generation to have the strength to survive so helping others gets us there in ways
123
bystander intervention effect
the failure to offer help in a situation in which many people are witnessing something bad occurring. (better to get stranded on an empty road than the highway)
124
diffusion of responsibility
bystanders expect others to be the one who helps
125
mere exposure effect
being exposed to a stimulus more and more will lead to a liking of it. music as example.
126
Implicit Association Test
choosing "good or male" "bad or female" as quickly as possible with words that could be associated with either in order to test implicit attitudes toward people. example: it starts easy with words like girl or evil and then gets harder with words such as hardworking or careful.
127
Berkowitz theory of aggression
reformulates the frustration-aggression hypothesis. frustration is an unpleasant experience that CAN but doesnt always lead to aggression.
128
general affective aggression model
current theory of aggression. social/situational or personal variable -> arousal, emotion, cognition and an appraisal process -> aggression or non-aggression
129
social/situational variables
frustration, provocation, social rejection, media exposure, video game violence
130
personal variables
gender, personality type

PSY-10000 (6 decks)

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