exam 1 Flashcards
(42 cards)
1
Q
Michel-Rolph Trouillot
A
- a Haitian anthropologist.
- Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History
*Trouillot examines the Haitian Revolution’s connection to other revolutions, arguing that its importance is often overlooked. He highlights the significant changes it brought to ideas about freedom and equality. Trouillot believes this event is frequently ignored or misrepresented in history. By focusing on its bold aspects, he aims to show its major significance for Haiti and the world.
2
Q
Lin-Manuel Miranda
A
- In the Heights, Hamilton, Moana, Encanto
- Miranda looks at how the medium of storytelling—like music, theater, or film—affects the message and importance of a story. He believes that the way a story is presented can change how people understand its themes and events, especially regarding revolution. His work shows that art can influence how we see revolutions, encouraging us to think about the way stories are told, and not just the facts (actual events or info)
3
Q
Similarities between Michel-Rolph Trouillot and Lin-Manuel Miranda
A
Both agree in deciding how to interpret the story by selecting which theme, narrative style, and presenting of the characters determines the historical outlook.
4
Q
Sociohistorical Process?
A
- Understanding of “what happened” and “what is said to have happened,” and their fluid boundary, as “history”
- encompasses process of memory and process of revsionism
- The process of memory- explores how societies choose to remember and forget the past, shaping collective historical understanding.
- Revisionism- involves altering historical narratives, often influenced by religion, politics, or family perspectives.
epistemology/knowledge versus narrative: study of the way of knowing, achieving knowledge, and where the facts come from while narrative is an influential storytelling of the event
5
Q
examples of narratives in history
A
- The Alamo: A pivotal battle in 1836 where Texans fought for independence from Mexico, often remembered as a symbol of heroism.
- Enslavement in the Caribbean: The forced labor of Africans by European colonizers on plantations, shaping the region’s economic and social history.
- The Holocaust (persecution of Jews): A genocide during World War II where Nazi Germany systematically exterminated six million Jews.
- Cannibalism (Native American question): Allegations of Native American cannibalism by European colonizers, often used to justify conquest and exploitation, though the accuracy is debated due to lack of native-written accounts.
- Columbus and the Caribbeans: Christopher Columbus, arriving in the Caribbean, enslaved Indigenous people and described them as cannibals in his writings, influencing European perceptions.
6
Q
describe how power and cyclical/sequential and linear understanding are connected to the process of writing history
A
- power of production of history, Power drives the narratives that we accept and canonize and those that we don’t.
- Ex: Western history vs Non-Western Ahistorical bc whoever wins the war, writes it.
- Ex: each historical narrative renews a claim to truth
*There are opposing perspectives and see that often history is NEVER a linear or a cyclical/sequential understanding.
7
Q
positivism
A
- a difference btw the historical world and what we write about it
- pursue it through a scientific lens
- Early Example is Father of History, Heredotus but needed to be more objective and precise in his historical studies of Greco-Persia Wars
8
Q
Constructivism
A
- stresses overlap of the two ideas that the real history and how we write about them is a process in creating history
- raises philophical questions such as Miranda say for every one narrative exclusion of 5 others
9
Q
Actors, Agents, and Subjects
A
Agents, occupy structural positions
Actors: interface with their context, try to give themsevles or others power through arts, writing, politics, and organizations,
subjects: aware of their vocality
workers on strike, revisions, stories you tell reverberate
10
Q
why do we care about Venus of Hole Fehls objects?
A
artifiacts prove the descritption of society of WWWW
11
Q
Otzi
A
found in italian alps, near austria and germany
iconic for his stomach contents and was completely perserved
12
Q
why terminology matters?
A
Terminology matters in early human history because words like material culture and prehistory define how we interpret evidence from artifacts and not just written records, especially for times before writing existed. Herodotus during the Enlightenment represents the shift toward more precise history writing, showing the importance of accurate language in interpreting past events. Nomadic helps distinguish cultures without written records, relying on material remains to tell their stories. Clear terminology ensures a more accurate understanding of human history.
13
Q
Old Kingdom, Dessication, Great Sphinx
A
- Old Kingdom: The period in ancient Egypt (c. 2686–2181 BCE) known for the construction of the pyramids and centralized power under the pharaohs.
- Desiccation: The process of extreme drying or dehydration, often referring to environmental changes that affect human settlements.
- Migration: The movement of people from one region to another, often for reasons like climate, resources, or conflict.
- Great Sphinx: A massive limestone statue in Giza, Egypt, with the body of a lion and the head of a pharaoh, symbolizing strength and wisdom.
14
Q
Middle Kingdom, Climate Change, Dynastic Competition, Military Conflict
A
- Middle Kingdom: A period in ancient Egypt (c. 2055–1650 BCE) marked by political stability, reunification, and cultural flourishing after a time of chaos.
- Climate Change: Long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns, which can impact human civilizations and environments.
- Dynastic Competition: Rivalry between different ruling families or dynasties for power and control over a kingdom or empire.
- Military Conflict: Armed struggles between groups or nations, often driven by territorial, political, or economic disputes.
15
Q
New Kingdom, Pharophs, Nationalism, Trade, Wealth
A
- New Kingdom: The period in ancient Egypt (c. 1550–1077 BCE) marked by territorial expansion, powerful pharaohs, and monumental architecture.
- Pharaohs: The rulers of ancient Egypt, considered both political leaders and divine figures.
- Nationalism, Trade, and Wealth: The sense of pride in one’s nation, driven by extensive trade networks and the accumulation of riches that enhance a civilization’s prosperity and influence.
16
Q
political development, unifcation, organization, dynasties
A
- Political Development: The process by which a society’s government structures and political institutions evolve and become more complex.
- Unification: The joining together of separate regions, groups, or territories into a single, centralized state or nation.
- Organization: The structured arrangement of people, resources, and institutions to achieve specific goals or maintain order.
- Dynasties: Successions of rulers from the same family or lineage that maintain power over a country or region across generations.
17
Q
sociocultural development, communication, religion, life and afterlife, stratification (class, egalitarianism (gender)
A
1.Sociocultural development: The process by which societies evolve through changes in social structures, cultural practices, and interactions within communities over time.
2.Communication: The exchange of information, ideas, and meanings between individuals or groups through language, symbols, or gestures.
3.. Religion: A set of beliefs and practices related to the worship of deities, spiritual beings, or the understanding of the universe and human existence.
- Life and Afterlife(s): The beliefs surrounding existence during life on Earth and what happens to individuals’ souls or consciousness after death.
-
Stratification (class): The hierarchical arrangement of social classes, where people are divided based on wealth, power, or status.
6.. Egalitarianism (gender): The belief in equal rights, opportunities, and treatment for all genders.
18
Q
Ancient Nubia, ethopia, axum, meroe, and Kush, Eygptian Frenemy, Burial Mounds and Pyramids,Queen shanakhadakheto, coptic christianity and islam, cintemporary nation-state division
A
- Ancient Nubia: A region located to the south of Egypt known for its rich culture, trade, and powerful kingdoms like Kush.
- Ethiopia: An ancient kingdom in the Horn of Africa renowned for its diverse cultures and historical significance, particularly as one of the earliest sites of Christianity.
- Axum, Meroe, and Kush: Prominent ancient civilizations in Nubia and Ethiopia known for their advanced societies, trade networks, and monumental architecture.
- Egyptian Frenemy: The complex relationship between ancient Egypt and its neighboring Nubian kingdoms, characterized by both conflict and cooperation.
- Burial Mounds and Pyramids: Structures built as tombs for the dead, reflecting the beliefs and practices surrounding death and the afterlife in ancient civilizations.
- Queen Shanakhdakheto: One of the first known female rulers of the Kingdom of Kush, noted for her military leadership and monumental building projects.
- Coptic Christianity and Islam: Coptic Christianity represents the early Christian tradition in Egypt, while Islam later became the dominant religion in the region, shaping its cultural and social landscape.
- Contemporary Nation-State Division: The modern political organization of territories into sovereign states, often influenced by historical, cultural, and ethnic factors.
19
Q
Greek Times, dark AGE, iron in and copper out, pan-mediterranean trade, phonecian alphabet but not much writing
A
- Greek Times: A historical period in ancient Greece characterized by the development of city-states, democracy, philosophy, and significant cultural achievements.
- Dark Age: A period following the collapse of Mycenaean civilization marked by reduced population, cultural stagnation, and loss of literacy in Greece (c. 1100–800 BCE).
- Iron is In, Copper is Out: The transition from copper to iron as the dominant material for tools and weapons, which began around the 12th century BCE and led to advances in agriculture and warfare.
- Pan-Mediterranean Trade: A network of trade routes across the Mediterranean Sea connecting various cultures and economies, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies.
- 22 consantant letters
20
Q
Greek times: Archiac Age, olympics, stone religious masse, migrations en masse, colonizarion and social reform, War with Persia variety
A
- Archaic Age: The early period of Greek history (c. 800–500 BCE) marked by the rise of city-states, the development of the alphabet, and the establishment of foundational cultural practices.
- Olympics: Ancient Greek athletic competitions held every four years at Olympia in honor of Zeus, symbolizing unity among the Greek city-states.
- Stone Religious Masses: Large stone structures or altars used in ancient Greek religious practices to honor gods and facilitate rituals.
- Migrations en Masse: The large-scale movement of Greek populations to new territories during the Archaic Age, leading to the establishment of colonies across the Mediterranean.
- Colonization and Social Reform: The process of founding new settlements by Greek city-states and implementing social changes to address economic and political challenges.
- War with Persia: A series of conflicts (c. 499–449 BCE) between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, culminating in significant battles like Marathon and Salamis that showcased Greek unity and resilience.
21
Q
Greek Times: Classical Age (just list bc easy)
A
more sculptures and temples. religous festivals and plays, wars of the polpnnensian varietyg
22
Q
Greek times: hellenization, phillip and alexander and syneretisation and individualism and tragic plays
A
Hellenization is the spread of Greek culture, language, and influence throughout the Mediterranean and Near East following the conquests of Alexander the Great.
1. Philip II: The king of Macedonia (r. 359–336 BCE) who unified the Greek city-states and laid the foundation for his son Alexander’s conquests.
- Alexander the Great: The king of Macedonia (336–323 BCE) known for creating one of the largest empires in history and spreading Hellenistic culture through his conquests.
- Syncretization: The blending of different religious, cultural, or philosophical beliefs and practices into a cohesive system.
- Individualism: A social theory emphasizing the moral worth of the individual, promoting personal independence and self-reliance.
- Tragic Plays: Dramatic performances in ancient Greece that explore serious themes and human suffering, often featuring protagonists who face moral dilemmas and inevitable downfall.
23
Q
democracy by polies by poleis and in Athens
A
Democracy by poleis refers to the democratic systems practiced by individual city-states (poleis) in ancient Greece. In Athens, this form of democracy developed as direct democracy, where citizens directly participated in decision-making, voting on laws and policies without representatives. Athenian democracy included institutions like the ekklesia (assembly), boule (council), and dikasteria (courts), allowing citizens to engage in various aspects of governance.
24
Q
Ancient Greek Idea Havers: Socrates, plato, aristotle, herodotus, hippocrates
A
Ancient Greek idea havers include Socrates an athenian soldier statesman, got kicked out, who emphasized ethical questioning and used socratic method at trial; Plato very wealthy, founded Lyceum, intrested in wide greek world, his dialectical method, where he explores opposing ideas (thesis and antithesis) to reach a higher understanding or truth (synthesis) through dialogue and reasoning.; Aristotle orpahned young and raised by Alexander, Founded Academy, interest in sceince/natural world Herodotus, known as the “Father of History,” who documented historical events; and Hippocrates, often regarded as the “Father of Medicine,” who established principles of medical ethics and practice.
25
what did Rome copy from Greek
all of the democracy and stuff
make people go to school
science and social science
architecture with lots of columns
marble statues
26
Explain the timeline of Ancient Rome significant eras
Rise of the City State, Rise of the Empire, The Good Emperors, The Bad Emperors, Decline and Fall
27
# Soci
Social and Political Growth of Rome, Governance (the senate), patricians, plebians, patriachry, ladder of offices (quaestor, aedle, praetor, consul), Egineering (aqueducts, apartment living, currency)
1. **Social and Political Growth in Patrons and Clients**: The development of relationships in ancient Rome where wealthy patrons provided support to clients in exchange for loyalty and services, shaping social hierarchies.
2. **Governance (the Senate)**: The governing body in ancient Rome composed of elite members who advised magistrates and influenced legislation, playing a crucial role in political decision-making.
3. **Patricians**: The noble class in ancient Rome, originally the ruling elite, who held significant political power and social status.
4. **Plebeians**: The common citizens of ancient Rome, who, despite their majority, initially had limited political rights compared to patricians.
5. **Patriarchy**: A social system in which men hold primary power and authority, influencing family structure and governance in ancient Roman society.
6. **Ladder of Offices**: The sequential progression of political positions in ancient Rome that individuals could attain, allowing for social mobility and participation in governance.
7. Quaestor (fininace adminstration)
8. Aedle (took care of sewers and streets)
9. Praetor (military and judicial works)
10. Consul (army and civilian gernerals)
7. 1. **Aqueducts**: Engineering structures built by the Romans to transport water from distant sources into cities and towns, significantly improving public health and sanitation.
2. **Apartment Living**: A form of housing in ancient Rome where multiple families resided in multi-story buildings called insulae, reflecting urban density and social stratification.
3. **Currency**: A system of money used in ancient Rome, including coins like the denarius, which facilitated trade and economic transactions across the empire.
28
Rome values of Virtus and Fidelis and what kind of copies of cultural growth from Greek
1. **Virtus**: A Roman term embodying the qualities of bravery, valor, and moral excellence, often associated with the ideals of citizenship and duty.
2. **Fidelis**: A Latin term meaning "faithful" or "loyal," often used to describe allegiance and commitment to individuals, causes, or the state.
3. Rome copies Greek literature, art, religon, everything
29
who belong to the first Trumivirate
Pompey, Crassus, Caesar made informal poltical unity to form the Roman Republic
30
Julius Ceasar
1. **Julius with Invading Egypt**: Refers to Julius Caesar's military campaign in Egypt, where he aligned with Cleopatra, solidifying his power and influence in the region.
2. **Meeting Cleopatra**: The encounter between Julius Caesar and Cleopatra VII, which led to a political alliance and a romantic relationship, furthering both their ambitions.
3. **Crossing the Rubicon**: The act of Julius Caesar leading his army across the Rubicon River in 49 BCE, symbolizing a point of no return that ignited a civil war and marked the end of the Roman Republic.
After declaring life dictatorship, was assissanted
31
Augutus/Octavian
praetorian guard- elite bodyguards so he would not face assisnation like Caesar
Pax Romana refers to a period of relative peace and stability across the Roman Empire that lasted approximately 200 years
32
Second Trumvirate
Marc Antony
Lepidus (roman general and poltician lost influence after a while)
33
religous growth of Roman polytheism, judaism, christianity
1. **Roman Polytheism**: The belief system of ancient Rome that involved the worship of multiple gods and goddesses, each associated with various aspects of life, society, and nature.
2. **Judaism**: An ancient monotheistic religion originating from the Hebrew people, centered around the belief in one God and the covenantal relationship between God and the Israelites as outlined in the Torah.
3. **Christianity**: A monotheistic religion that emerged in the 1st century CE, based on the teachings of Jesus Christ, emphasizing salvation, love, and a personal relationship with God.
34
Titus
Titus was a Roman emperor who is remembered for his humanitarian efforts in aiding the victims of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE, which destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum, and for completing the Colosseum, a grand amphitheater that became a symbol of Roman engineering and entertainment.
35
Roman Golden Age, Romanization, all these are autocracy (ruled by a single leader): diocietian, Constantine, and Justiinan
1. **The Golden Age of Rome**: A period of relative peace, prosperity, and cultural flourishing in the Roman Empire during the first and second centuries CE.
2. **Romanization**: The process by which conquered peoples adopted Roman culture, language, and customs, integrating into the Roman Empire.
3. **Diocletian**: A Roman emperor who reigned **Great Persecution**: A systematic campaign against Christians initiated by Diocletian, aiming to suppress Christianity and reinforce traditional Roman religious practices.
**Resignation**: Refers to Diocletian’s voluntary abdication making him one of the few Roman emperors to step down from power willingly.
6. **Constantine**: The first Christian Roman emperor, known for embracing Christianity, convening the First Council of Nicaea, and founding the city of Constantinople.. **Edict of Milan**: A proclamation issued by Constantine that granted religious tolerance to Christians and allowed for the free practice of Christianity within the empire.
**Empire Splitting**: The division of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western halves, formalized by Diocletian and further solidified under Constantine.
10. **Justinian**: A Byzantine emperor known for his ambitious project of reconquering lost territories and codifying Roman law through the Justinian Code. **Theodora**: The wife of Emperor Justinian, she was a powerful empress known for her intelligence, political acumen, and advocacy for women's rights. **Eastern War Provocation**: Refers to various military conflicts and tensions that arose in the Eastern Roman Empire, particularly with Persia and later Islamic states, influencing its political landscape.
36
Destruction and Aftermath of Roman Empire of internal and external factors
internal factors:poltiical machiations, environmental concerns, too big for Britches. christians
1. **Political Machinations**: manipulations within the political sphere that contribute to instability and the decline of authority, often seen in the power struggles of the late Roman Empire.
2. **Environmental Concerns**: Issues such as climate change, resource depletion, and natural disasters that affected agricultural productivity and economic stability, impacting the survival of civilizations.
3. **Too Big for Britches**: A phrase indicating overreach or excessive ambition, referring to how the Roman Empire expanded beyond its capacity to govern effectively, leading to administrative and logistical challenges.
4. **Christians**: The rise of Christianity as a dominant religion in the Roman Empire brought significant social and cultural changes, often leading to conflicts with traditional Roman beliefs and contributing to the empire's transformation.
external factors: visgoths, huns, franks,
**visgoths-** germanic tribe decline of western Roman Empire, extablisj Spain
Visigoths: A Germanic tribe that played a key role in the decline of the Western Roman Empire, notably sacking Rome in 410 CE and later establishing a kingdom in Spain.
**Huns-** nomadic warrior tribe from central asia,caused migrations and weakened roman empire
Huns: A nomadic warrior group from Central Asia that invaded and disrupted the stability of various European territories, contributing to the migrations and conflicts that weakened the Roman Empire.
**Frank-** germanic tribe weakened western europe, establish france
Franks: A Germanic tribe that became a significant force in Western Europe, eventually establishing a powerful kingdom that laid the foundation for modern France.
37
Herodotus, in his account On the Customs of the Persians (c. 430 BCE), provides detailed insights into Persian society and practices:
*Tribal structure,religous practices,festivals, adaptibility to customs, social customs, procreation ideals, moral and health standards, and no marketplace*
Tribal structure- persian nations consists of many tribes assembled by cyrus
4.1.** Tribal Structure:** The Persian nation consists of several tribes, including the principal ones assembled by Cyrus: the Pasargadae, Maraphians, and Maspians.
religous practices of offer scarfices on high mountainst to elemental gods with a magus chanting, and reverence for rivers.
2. **. Religious Practices: **Persians eschew images of gods, temples, and altars, finding such practices foolish. Instead, they offer sacrifices on high mountains to deities representing elements like the sun, moon, fire, water, and the winds. Sacrifices involve no elaborate rituals; the sacrificer offers a victim in a pure place, with a Magus present to chant hymns.
Festivals include huge feasts and discussion of important topics when drunk to then reconsider later.
3.** Festivals and Daily Life:** Persians celebrate their birthdays with elaborate feasts, serving large quantities of food and wine. They value wine highly and avoid vomiting or relieving themselves in front of others. They deliberate on important matters while drunk and reconsider decisions when sober.
social customs- persians respect of kisses and prostration to those closest to them and decreases for those further away.
**4. Social Customs:** Persians show respect based on rank through kisses and prostration. They hold their immediate neighbors in highest esteem, with respect decreasing for those further away.
persian quick to adopt luxuries and military gear.
5.** Adaptability and Luxuries:** Persians are quick to adopt foreign customs, including dress and military gear.
persians valued sons and made them miltary skilled and seperated from fathers early
6**. Marriage and Procreation: **Persians value having many sons, considering it a sign of manly excellence. They educate their sons in riding, archery, and truth-telling, keeping them away from their fathers until age five to minimize emotional loss if they die young.
persians value honesy and ostrazied leporosy
7. **Moral and Health Standards: **Honesty is highly valued, and lying or debt is considered disgraceful. Those with leprosy are ostracized, reflecting a belief in sin against the sun. Persians show great reverence for rivers, avoiding contaminating them.
no market place
10. **Market Practices**: Persians *do not use marketplaces* for buying and selling, reflecting a unique aspect of their economic practices.
38
why is it called dark ageS and middle ageS from the medival period
middle age called that bc it existed btw rome's fall and the renaissance.
called dark ages bc everthing was depressing
39
define medival period feudalism
pyarmid of structural classes that protects from instabilty by having organized soicety. Dynasty, sequential ruler of family members. POPE was at the top of the pyramid, then monarch, nobles, knights, merchanrs, then peasants. where in the beginning was largely contractual (exchange land for military protection and labor) but by the end was diminshed bc of private land ownership.
40
describe the terriory of venice
made up of a bunch islands with canals, and a aquadratic outpost for trading during the silk road (silk, grain, spice, art), also contributes to the spreafing of plague
41
plague
blame the fleas and people. contagious, sores and boils, flu-like. 20% or 1/3 or 1/5 of pop. died
plague doctor pracitces includes bledding out and boil popping
42
Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate (a muslim theorcracy) was the second Islamic caliphate, known for its rapid territorial expansion and the establishment of a vast empire that stretched from Spain to Central Asia. included muslim crusades, european migration, and rise of monothitic structure.
A **caliphate** is a form of Islamic government led by a **caliph**, a religious and political leader considered a successor to the Prophet Muhammad, responsible for ruling the Muslim community and upholding Islamic law.
