Exam 2 revised :D

Question 1

timeline of revolutions

Answer 1

American, French, Haitian

Question 2

Medival period of Mediterranean World

Answer 2

*** Umayyad Caliphate Expansion **
-1st great islamic dynasty from Spain to India
* Mediterranean was a hub for commerce with silk road routes connecting Europe, North Africa, and Asia
* Sea as a highway via mediterranean Sea, Indian ocean, and Southern China Sea
* Mans Musa Hajj
* Mansa Musa, the Emperor of the Mali Empire, made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca. During his journey, he distributed so much gold that it dramatically impacted the economies of the regions he passed through. His immense wealth helped put the Mali Empire on the map, making it known as one of the richest and most powerful empires of the time.
* Crusades
- Religon wars started by Roman Catholic Church wanting to reclaim Jerauslem from Muslim rule also had political and social motivations too

Question 3

Southern Europe before 1450

Answer 3

Iberian Pensula- Reconquista
The Reconquista was a centuries-long series of Christian kingdoms military campaigns in the Iberian Peninsula to reclaim territory from Muslim rule and won after the capture of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold which then fell under Isbella and Ferdinad Spainard rule

Question 4

**The Italian Renaissance: Key Influences* 14th

Answer 4

The Italian Renaissance: Key Influences
- Social Shifts Post-Plague: The Black Death weakened feudalism, creating new economic and social opportunities.
- Crusades and Eastern Trade: Exposure to Eastern knowledge, goods, and cultures sparked intellectual curiosity and economic growth.
- Natural Disasters and Famine: Crises encouraged scientific exploration and urban development.
- Fall of Constantinople: Byzantine scholars brought classical texts to Italy, fueling humanism.
- Weakened Papal Authority: Reduced Church control allowed secular ideas to thrive, especially in independent city-states like Florence and Venice.
- Banking and Wealthy Patrons: Cities like Florence, backed by wealthy families (e.g., Medici), funded art and scholarship.
- Geographic and Cultural Heritage: Italy’s proximity to Roman ruins inspired a sense of cultural exceptionalism.
- Rise of Literacy: Increased literacy led to the revival of classical texts and humanist philosophy.

Defining the Renaissance:
- Revival of classical Greek and Roman culture.
- Emphasis on individualism and blending past, present, and future.
- Shift from focusing on death to celebrating life.
- Rise of religious humanism and cosmopolitanism.
- Defined as a distinct period by 19th-century historians.

The Medici Family and Florence:
- Wealthy through banking and political influence.
- Key patrons of art, supporting artists like Michelangelo and Da Vinci.
- Medici popes strengthened family power within the Church.
- Left a lasting cultural and architectural legacy in Florence.

Question 5

1450 Portugeuse ‘ Age of Discovery’

Answer 5

• maritime Exploration
  prince Henry the Navigator
  portugeuse voyages to chart new routes along the Coast of Africa, searching for new TRADE ROUTES to Asia
  often ‘discovery’ already had inhabitants

Question 6

1492 Iberian Competition

Answer 6

Iberian Competition
refers to the rivalry between Spain and Portugal for dominance in exploration, trade, and territorial expansion
Columbus’s 1492 voyage to Americas sponsored by Spain, played a significant role in this competition.

Spanish colonials relied on silver mines in Mexico and Peru based on land grants and feudal like arrangements
**
Spanish Conquests **
hernán Cortés led the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico, and silver mining in the Americas, especially in Potosí (modern day Bolivia); crucial to Spain’s wealth and its mercantile system.
**
Treaty of Tordillas **
divides non-european world btw spain and portugal bc meant to solve conflict over newly discovered lands

Question 7

European Age of Exploration

Answer 7

Christopher Columbus
-“young man from Genoa”
Italian Navigator and searched for a route to Asia
found Carribean, whiich begins the European Age of Exploration
-Colombus Exchange of goods, ideas, diseases btw old and new Worlds
opened the Americas to European Colonization
**
Compass and Navigation**
direct at sea, led to increased accurate maps, more sucessful exploratory travels made to Africa, India, and Americas

Aftermath:
decimation of indigenious and african slaves bc had no immunity to small pox, measles, influenza, yellow fever, malaria in places such as Carribean, Malaria, South America, plantations, and haciendas

Question 8

Reformation 15th

Answer 8

religous movement and began with Martin Luther’s 95 theses, challenges the practices of the Catholic Church led to displacement of traditional church; authority and rise of protestant states

Porugeuse and Spanish Empires driven by religion

Missionary Order/ Order of Piety
dedicated to religous and military service
spread christianity via crusades

Order Called:
Knights Templar, Knights Hospitaller, and Franciscans
known for their religous piety and medicine and education pursuits

Franscians, Jesuits, Dominans spread chrsitainity to Amerianism Africa, Asia and colonization

Question 9

30 Year War

Answer 9

• The Thirty Years’ War was a brutal conflict primarily fought in the Holy Roman Empire.
• It involved a mix of religious, political, and territorial disputes, particularly between Catholic and Protestant factions, but also included power struggles among European powers.
• the war devastated much of Central Europe and led to territorial changes
• ended with the Peace of Westphalia

Question 10

European Colonization

Answer 10

shifts systems of Servitude and Labor to Chattel Slavery (people considered property)
which led to the Translantic Slave Trade to work in plantations and silver mines

Hacienda
Spanish conquered region used slaves

Planatation
English conquered region
used slaves

Carribean plantation
slaves to work in cash crops: tabacco, sugar, cotton

continued disconnect btw elite European colonizers and laborers (inferior indigenious anf african slaves)

Question 11

factors that influenced the Age of Revolutions

Answer 11

droughts and harsh winters caused crop failures, resulted in lower class ecnomic hardships

socio-political enviornment of white had privelige of wealth while majority were impovershied

Enslavement was dehumanized and pushed toward revolts and uprisings (ex: haitian revolution that directly challenged colonial rule)

Question 12

Philiosphers of the Age of Revolution

Answer 12

• challenged traditional powers structures like monochial rule
  using literacy, and promoting equality, across europe, and americas

Thoma Hobbes:
argues for strong centralized authority

John Locke:
advocated for natural rights to life liberity, and prosperity
gov. must serve the people

Jean Jacques Rouseasu”
social contract soverignty beong to the people

Question 13

7 year war

Answer 13

• 9 long yr war
• drained europe treasuries and caused deep debt, started taxing the lower classes, intesiying revolutionary sentiments and reshaped politcal alligiances

Question 14

define Age of Revolution

Answer 14

massive sociopolitical change
more than 300 revolutions
few actually were successful

Question 15

American revolution

Answer 15

redrawing of America bc reshaped politcal landscape bc created a new democratic republic and inspired revolutions around the world

Backstory: UK after “7 yr war”
created a gen. of experienced military leaders such as Geroge Washington and George Lee who led the Contiental Army in the fight for American Indpendence
were pushed by several factors: Stamp Act, Townshend Act caused resentment and loyalty division btw loyal to UK and support of INdpendence resulted in the A. rev.

Used Militia- Based Movement to win A. rev.
local, organized groups of colonists who prepared to defend their communities and resist UK authorities

Enlighted Thinkers influnced the Consitution: Locke, Hobbes, Rossesceu, influenced colonizers for natural rights of individuals based on the concept of the gov. should work with the consent of the governed

Consitution
oldest unrevised document in the world
established framework for American federal gov. and its principles of checks and balances

Flaws:
Limited voting rights and unresolved issues with slavey and state power

Question 16

French Revolution

Answer 16

exposed weaknesses of monarchies
france enormous debt
was from the cost of the 7 yr war and support for American Rev. with inspired by enlightment idea
was a major catalyst to French rev bc finical crises

3 Estate Problem
1st estate- clergy
2 estate- nobility
3rd estate- common people

Lois XV unable to adapt to mobs of revolutions and enlightment ideas led to downfall of monarchy

declaration of rights of man and woman showed the ideas and reality of revoltions
man without can vote but not women

aftermath: Reign of terror
maximillan Robespierre used guiltone for mass executions to elimate percieved enemies of the revolution

Question 17

Haitian Revolution

Answer 17

Slave Revolt
intended for full scale revoutlion but evolved into a struggle for indpendence and abolition of slavery

1st Black Republic in Modern World and 1st nation to be successful in overthrowing colonial slavery and establish independence

legacy of Reparations
in order to be considered a diplamtic nation had to pay reparations to France, led to deep nation debt and poverty in Haiti

was influenced by American Rev. and French rev.

Question 18

Imperalism

Answer 18

making and remakin of Modern World
industralization and urbanization
in Paris and London

Unifcation of Italy, Germany, and US
reshaped politcal map of europe and North America

Austro- Hugarian Paritioin
fall of A-H Empire afterWWI and led to seperate nation states

Greek Unification and Decline of Ottoman Power
bc of independence from lost territory in Greece and forced Ottomans to reteat in the Balkins

Haussman’s Renovation efforts to beautify Paris transformed
overcrowded slums into pretty new infrastructure

Question 19

Napeolean Bonaparte vs Toussaint Loventere

Answer 19

• Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader
• rose to prominence during the French Revolution; military genius
• Became Emperor of the French and aimed to spread revolutionary principles throughout Europe, but he also sought to expand France’s power and influence.
• Napoleonic Code, a set of civil laws that influenced many legal systems around the world.
• Too ambitious, invaded too much of Europe, ending his reign after the Battle of Waterloo

Toussaint Louverture
* “The Black Napoleon,” was a former enslaved person and a leader of the Haitian Revolution.
* Louverture led the enslaved people of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti) to revolt against French colonial rule and demand freedom. Inspired by the ideas of liberty and equality from the French Revolution, he successfully defeated French, Spanish, and British forces. Louverture played a key role in establishing the first Black-led republic and abolishing slavery in Haiti.
* Although Napoleon later sent an army to re-establish control, Louverture’s resistance and legacy continued.
* Haiti became the first independent Black republic

Main Difference:
While Napoleon sought to build an empire, Toussaint fought to end slavery and gain independence for Haiti. Their interactions, especially Napoleon’s attempts to undermine Louverture’s efforts, highlight the clash between colonial interests and the drive for freedom.

Question 20

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

Answer 20

The Berlin Conference hosted by Germany, was where European powers established rules for colonizing Africa. European nations, driven by economic and political interests, divided the continent into territories. The “effective occupation” principle allowed countries to claim land if they could administer it, leading to the creation of modern African borders that often ignored ethnic and cultural divisions.

Question 21

Shaka and the Mfecane (1815-1840)

Answer 21

Shaka Zulu, a skilled military leader, expanded the Zulu Kingdom and revolutionized warfare with tactics like the “bull horn” formation. His campaigns triggered the Mfecane, a period of intense conflict and displacement across Southern Africa, leading to the consolidation of power among various groups. Although Shaka didn’t directly engage the British, his actions reshaped regional power dynamics, affecting European interests in the area.

Question 22

Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)

Answer 22

invented engagement rings
diamond and marketers came with an idea to withold them to increase their demand and thus value

Question 23

Livingstone and Stanley (1869)

Answer 23

David Livingstone was a Scottish missionary and explorer in Africa. He opposed the exploitation associated with imperialism, advocating for Christianity, commerce, and “civilization” as alternatives to the slave trade.
Henry Morton Stanley was a journalist and explorer sent by the New York Herald to find Livingstone when he lost contact with the outside world.
Livingstone’s work indirectly fueled European interest in Africa, but he personally opposed imperialism’s harsh aspects.. He is famous for exploring African regions and discovering Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River, which he named and which is one of the largest waterfalls in the world.

Question 24

South African War (1898-1902)

Answer 24

The South African War or Boer War, was fought between the British Empire and two Boer republics over British imperialism and Boer independence. The war involved guerrilla tactics and brutal policies, ,and the 1st concentration camps. It ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging, incorporating the Boer republics into the British Empire and paving the way for the Union of South Africa

Question 25

France in Algeria

Answer 25

France's colonization of Algeria involved brutal tactics, including beheadings to suppress resistance. The violence persisted during the Algerian War of Independence with severe human rights abuses on both sides.

Question 26

Germany in Namibia

Answer 26

after they die in the concentration camp, german took hundreds of skulls back to Germany as a techno racism of measuring their skulls as inferior

Question 27

Poem Criticizing the Avignon Papacy

Answer 27

The Avignon Papacy saw the Pope reside in Avignon, France, causing tension and criticism over the Pope’s absence from Rome. It was marked by accusations of corruption and French influence, leading to the Western Schism where multiple popes claimed authority, deepening Church divisions and weakening its spiritual credibility.

Question 28

95 theses

Answer 28

Martin Luther's *95 Theses* (1517) criticized the Catholic Church’s misuse of power, particularly the sale of indulgences. He argued salvation comes through faith, not payment, challenging the Church’s authority and practices, and sparking the Protestant Reformation.

Question 29

Raimon de Cornet’s 14th-century poem Poem Criticizing the Avignon Papacy

Answer 29

Raimon de Cornet’s 14th-century poem criticizes the corruption within the Avignon Papacy. He condemns the pope and cardinals for exploiting the poor, selling church positions for profit, and focusing on wealth rather than spiritual duties. He also criticizes bishops for abusing their power and oppressing priests, highlighting the widespread greed and moral decay within the church.

Question 30

Cardinal Cajetan’s critique of Martin Luther

Answer 30

Cardinal Cajetan’s critique of Martin Luther rejects sola fide (faith alone), arguing that both faith and works are necessary for salvation. He emphasizes that works, rooted in charity and grace, demonstrate God's righteousness. Cajetan defends Catholic teachings on justification and the sacraments, contrasting them with Luther's individualistic view that downplays the Church's role and the importance of good works.

Question 31

Olaudah Equiano

Answer 31

Olaudah Equiano, also known as Gustavus Vassa, was an abolitionist and writer whose autobiography, *The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano*, became a key anti-slavery work. Born in Nigeria, he was enslaved at 11 and gained his freedom in 1766. His narrative, detailing his experiences in the slave trade and advocating for abolition, was widely influential.

Question 32

The Inquisition in 17th-Century Peru

Answer 32

The Modern History Sourcebook includes Henry Lea’s work, The Inquisition in 17th-Century Peru: Cases of Portuguese Judaizers, which explores the **persecution of Portuguese Jews (Judaizers) in colonial Peru.** Lea examines the role of the Spanish Inquisition in identifying and prosecuting individuals suspected of secretly practicing Judaism, despite outwardly conforming to Catholicism.

Question 33

The South African War (1899-1902),

Answer 33

The South African War, or Boer War, was fought between the British Empire and two Boer republics over British imperialism and Boer independence. It involved guerrilla tactics and brutal policies, including concentration camps. The war ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging, incorporating the Boer republics into the British Empire and leading to the creation of the Union of South Africa